




            p   -                p 


 4
                pp-孨᪨ p⢠
               pᮭ  ᥬ⢠ IBM PC
 5









                 E. . 㪠, . . 类F

 E
                          -      
                            I B M   P C
 F













              p樥 . . 㪠




 
                 (C) p-孨᪮ p, 1990

                       筮 p 
                 p         뫮 ᯮᮡ
                 ਠ, 㡫  饬 -
                 , ᪠ ⮫쪮  쬥 ࠧ-
                 襭 ୮-孨᪮ .



                          p
                             1990

 


                             - 1 -

                          EpF

  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   3
 祭  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4
 1.  ⮢ -뢮 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6
 2. ஫ אַ 㯠   . . . . . . . . . .   7
 2.1. ਭ樯 ࠡ ஫  . . . . . . . . . . .   8
 2.2.  ।  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
 2.3. ᠭ ७ ॣ஢  . . . . . . . . . .  11
 2.4. ணࠬ ࠢ ஫஬  . . . . . . .  15
 2.4.1. p  p   XT-   .  15
 2.4.2. p  p   AT-   .  18
 3. ணࠬ㥬 ஫ 뢠 . . . . . . . . .  21
 3.1. ᠭ ᭮ ⮢  . . . . . . . . . . .  23
 3.2.  ࠡ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
 3.3. ணࠬ஢ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  26
 4.    㪠  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
 4.1. ணࠬ㥬 ⠩ 8253 . . . . . . . . . . . . .  31
 4.2.   ⥬  IBM PC  . . . . . . . . . .  35
 4.3.  㪠 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  36
 5. ணࠬ㥬 ਩ 䥩  . . . . . . . .  39
 5.1. ᠭ  8255 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  39
 5.2. ᯮ짮   IBM PC  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  41
 6.   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
 6.1.  IBM PC/XT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  43
 6.2.  IBM PC AT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  44
 7. ᯫ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
 7.1. 饥 ᠭ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  47
 7.2. ஫  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  48
 7.3. ਡ ᨬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  52
 7.4. ஬ ᪨  MGA . . . . . . . . .  54
 7.5. ⭮ ᪨  CGA . . . . . . . . . . .  57
 7.6. ७ ᪨  EGA . . . . . . . . .  60
 7.7. ᪨ ᨢ VGA . . . . . . . . . . . . .  71
 8. ஫ ⥫   ᪠ . . . . . . . .  72
 8.1. ᭮ ᢥ  ஫ . . . . . . . . . . .  72
 8.2.  ஫ ⥫   ᪠. . . .  73
 8.3.  ࠢ ⥫ﬨ . . . . . . . . . . .  75
 8.3.1. p祭  pp   . . . . . . . . .  75
 8.3.2. pp ⮢ ﭨ  . . . . . . . . . . . .  81
 8.4. ଠ ஦. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83
 8.5. ⫨ ஫  - . . . . . . .  85
 9. ஫ ⥫  ⪨ ᪠  . . . . . . .  89
 9.1. ஫ ⪨ ᪮  - . . . .  90
 9.1.1. p -뢮  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  90
 9.1.2. 騩 p   p . . . . . . . .  93
 9.1.3. ᠭ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  95
 9.1.4. ⪠ ᪠  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
 9.2. ஫ ⪨ ᪮  - . . . . 105
 9.2.1. ᠭ p⮢ -뢮  . . . . . . . . . . . 105
 9.2.2. ⥬   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
 10. 饥 ன⢮  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
 11. ᫥⥫ 䥩 RS-232  . . . . . . . . . . 112
 11.1. 騥 ᢥ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
 11.2. ᠭ ⮢  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
 


                             - 2 -

 11.3. 冷 樠樨 8250 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
 12. ஢   . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
 13. CMOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
 13.1.   CMOS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
 13.2. ন CMOS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
 14. 稥  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
 ਫ 1. -  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
 ਫ 2.  ⪨ ᪮  . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
 p 3. ⮢   p . . . . . . . . . . 131
 ਩  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
 p祭 p㥬 p  . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

 


                             - 3 -

                           EF

        㬥  ᮤন  孨᪮  ᠭ ன
 -뢮, 室   ⠢  ᥬ⢠  IBM PC, 
   IBM  PC   XT,  AT    PS/2.     ᭮    孨᪮
 㬥樨    -  ந⥫  ਩  ,
 墠뢠饩   ᪮쪮  ⪮   㪮.     ⭮,
 ᠭ 奬,  ࠧ饭  ⥬  , 
  ࠢ筨  INTEL (Intel Handbooks).

      ⥫묨     筨     ଠ樨    㦨
 ᫥   䨨,  ୠ       
 ࠢ ⥬ (⠪,  TECH  Help!, Norton Guide  .).
 ஬ ⮣,  ᠭ 뢠  ஢  ࠧࠡ⪥
  ᮯ஢  ணࠬ   । MS-DOS.     ,
 -, ࠢ  ⤥ 筮   ७ 
 ᯮ짮  ਠ,  ,  -,    -
 ஢ ᮡ⥩ 㤮 IBM PC.

         ਢ   ଠ   ࣠  ᨬ쭮
 ஢થ    ;  ,    ।,  ⤥
  ᠭ, ⢮  ଥ 㬥樨, 
 ᮤঠ  訡.   "⥫"   ,   
 ,  ࠫ     ਢ    ᮮ⢥
  ࠢ筨.

                ਠ   ॡ
  ᭮  ணࠬ஢  몥  ᥬ  IBM
 PC ( ⥪   ४⨢ ᥬ).

              㪠  筮,
 砭  ,   ᨬ 뫠  :

      620075, . फ,
      . 㭠᪮ 81,
      ୮-孨᪮ .
      ⥫. 56-92-54, 56-92-41.

 


                             - 4 -

                          E祭F

      PC,  XT,  AT,  PCjr,  PC  Convertible    PS/2  -  
 ஢ ᥬ⢠ IBM PC.      ᮢ⨬
  ᮡ  ஢  ਪ ⮢,   ।
  ࠧ:

      PC: 業ࠫ  8088,  ⠪⮢  4.77 ,
 5 権   .

      PCjr:    8088,        .  饭 
 ࠦ    ᮢ⨬  ⠫묨  IBM PC.  襩  ਨ 
 뢠.

      XT:  8088, ⪨ , 8 権   . 
 ⠫쭮 筠 PC.

      Turbo PC:  㣨  ( IBM), ᮢ⨬  PC  XT,
  訩  8086  V30  NEC, ⠪⮢   6
  8 . 筮  8 権  .

      XT-286:   80286,  8 権   ,   6  
 宫 横 (᪮    AT  8 ).    AT  
   室,    PC  室,       ᯮ짮
 २⢠ 16-ࠧ來 ⥬ 設.

      AT:  80286, 8 権   , ⠪⮢  6  8
 .

      PC Convertible: ⨢ ਠ AT. ⫨: 
 (LCD)  ᯫ,  3.5-  ᪮,    権  
 ७.

      PS/2:  ᥬ⢮   IBM.   25  30 - 
 襭 ᨨ   PC, ᮢ⨬      
 ⠬.     50    60   -    80286,   32-ࠧ來  設
 MicroChannel,  ᮢ⨬   묨 ⠬  .  80
    80386.     ᭠饭 ᪮  ࠧ஬ 3.5
 .

      AT-386:   , ᮢ⨬   AT,   
 80386.

      ᫨  ᬠਢ ன⢠     ⨯ , 
 ᯮ ᫥騥 ⪨:

      PC/XT          ⭮   IBM PC  XT, 
                     Portable PC
      AT             ⭮   IBM PC AT
      PS/2           ⭮  ᥬ PS/2

      ⢨  ⠪  㪠  砥,    ਠ
 ਬ  ᥬ   IBM.

          ᫠     뢠        ࠧ,
 


                             - 5 -

 ⭠  ⫨    㪢  "h"   .
 ਬ, 256  100h  筮 ᫮ 256.

        ࠧ      ࠢ   ਢ 
 , ᫨  ७ ⨢.

              ᮯ஢ 㫠.
 樨   㫠  ,   ਭ   몥 ,  
 :

      䬥᪨: +, -, *, /, % (⨥ ⪠)
      ⮢: & (), | (), ~ ()
      ᤢ:  <<  >>.

 


                             - 6 -

                 E1. ⮢ -뢮F

      ਢ   ⠡  ᮤন । ᭮
 ࠭⢠ ⮢  -뢮  IBM PC/XT,  AT  PS/2. 
 ⮬:

      -  0 - FFh ⢥  ⥬ ;
      -  100h - 3FFh ⢥  ஫஢ ன;
      - , 稭  400h, 㯭  ⥬ 設.

 AT/PS-2  PC/XT              ᠭ                  . ࠧ
 
 000-01F 000-00F  ஫  N 1, 8237-5                  2
 020-03F 020-021  ஫ 뢠 N 1, 8259A             3
 040-05F 040-043   (PC/XT:8253-5, AT:8254-2)             4
         060-063  ணࠬ㥬 䥩 ਨ 8255     5
 060-06F          ஫  AT 8042                6
 070-07F           CMOS  ᪠ NMI                     13
 080              ᪨ ॣ                     14
 080-08F 080-083   ࠭  74LS612                 2
 090-097           ࠢ  PS/2              
         0A0      ᪠ NMI                                   14
 0A0-0BF          ஫ 뢠 N 2, 8259A             3
 0C0-0DF          ஫  N 2, 8237A-5                  2
 0F0-0FF  (N2  MGA)       10
 380-38F 380-38F  ஭ : SDLC  BSC N 2      
 3A0-3AF 3A0-3A9  ஭  BSC N 1                 
 3B0-3BF 3B0-3BF  ஬  (MGA) + ਭ N 1    7,10
 3C0-3CF 3C0-3CF  ७ ᪨  (EGA) N 1    7
 3D0-3DF 3D0-3DF  ⭮ ᪨  (CGA)  EGA      7
 3F0-3F7 3F0-3F7  ஫  N 1                          8
 3F8-3FF 3F8-3FF   RS-232 N 1                             11
 

      ਬ砭:  ⠡  祭 ன⢠,  
 -뢮      ࠨ  (⥢  ,
 ஫ ਬ   ..).

 


                             - 7 -

            E2. ஫ אַ 㯠  F

      ஫  אַ 㯠      (, DMA  - Direct
 Memory Access) ᯥ稢 ᮪᪮⭮  묨 
 ன⢠ -뢮      ᯮ짮 業ࠫ쭮
 ,     ᢮    믮
 ᫥ ࠫ쭮     ᨬ  . 
       ᯮ    ࠡ    ᪮묨
 ⥫ﬨ,   ॠ  ᯮ짮   ࠬ
 ⥫    ⭮       冷  㣨  ன.
 ⨬ ਥ⢠  ᯮ짮     
 ன⢠,  ਭ騬    ।騬   筮
 訬 ﬨ  ᮪ ᪮.

        IBM  PC-    㭪樨  ஫  
 믮  奬   8237    INTEL   (ᮢ᪨  
 58057)        8237-4    8237-5,  ࠡ騥 
 ⠪⮢  ⮩   4    5     ᮮ⢥⢥  (⠭⭠
 奬 8237 ࠡ⠥    3 ). ஫  4
 ᨬ  ,       㦨  
 ਩ ன⢮.

 


                             - 8 -

             E2.1. ਭ樯 ࠡ ஫ F

        ࠡ   ࠧ 2   横:  横 
 (Idle  cycle)    ⨢  横  (Active  cycle).    横
 ࠧ      ﭨ,     ६ 
 ਮ  ᮢ (⨪).    横   ஫   
 ॢ  ﭨ ணࠬ஢ (Program Condition) ⥬
    室 RESET ᨣ ᮪  ஢, ⥫쭮 
  300  c  ᫥饩      ᨣ  ஢
 (஢  0)    뢮  CS  (Chip  Select).  ﭨ ணࠬ-
 ஢ ஫ 㤥 室    ,   뢮
 CS ࠭ ᨣ  ஢.   ணࠬ஢
 ஫ :

      - 砫    ;
      - 㬥襭   ᫮ । ⮢;
      - ࠢ ,

  ⠪ ⠭  ॡ㥬 ० ࠡ  (ࠧ 
   横᪮  ਮ⮢, ⮨樠,
  ࠢ      . .).

      㧪 16-ࠧ來  ॣ஢ ஫ ⢫
 १  8-ࠧ來   -뢮. ।  㧪 ࢮ
 (襣)      襭  (饭) ਣ-饫
 (ਣ   /᫥,   First/Last   flip-flop),  
   ᢮ ﭨ  ᫥ 뢮     ࢮ   
 ⠪ ࠧ    ᫥饩   뢮  
   㧨 訩  ᮮ⢥饣 ॣ.

      ணࠬ஢        ᪨஢ (
 ᪨  ⠭  ⮬   0), ᫥ 祣  
 ਭ  ᨣ  "    ",  㥬 ⥬ 譨
 ன⢮,  ஥  㦨  १    . 
 "  "   ⠪ 樨஢ ⠭  1 
       ॣ  ᮢ ஫. ᫥
  ᨣ   ஫ 室   ⨢ 横, 
 ஬ 믮  묨.    ⢫ 
    ०:

      1.   筮 । (Signle  Transfer Mode). ᫥
  横  । ஫ ᢮  設 ,
   ࠧ   稭 ஢  ᨣ   ,  ⮫쪮
 㦨 ⨢ ᨣ  , 樨 ᫥騩 横
 ।.

      2.   筮  । (Block  Transfer Mode).   ⮬
 ०  稥  ᨣ    ॡ  ⮫쪮   
 뤠  ஫஬  ᨣ  "⢥ত      "
 (DACK), ᫥  祣 設   ᢮    襭
 । ᥣ .

      3.   ।   ॡ  (Demand Transfer  Mode).
   ०     ஬       묨:
 ।    뢭      ,    ⨢  ᨣ
 


                             - 9 -

 ,  ﭨ  ண  ஢  ᫥   横
 ।.   ⮫쪮  ன⢮    த ।,
 ᨣ    뢠     ஫ ਮ⠭
 ࠡ.     ०   ਬ         묨
 ன⢠,  騬  ᢮ ६ ࠪ⨪
 ࠡ    ० 筮 ।.

      4. ᪠ ० (Cascade Mode).   
  ⥬     ஫    , 
 筮   .   ⮬ ०   
 饣   ஫   ᯮ      ᪠஢   
 ஫஬  ண ஢.   ࠡ   ᪠  ᨣ HRQ
 ("  墠")   ஫   室 DREG
 ("   ")  饣,  ᨣ DACK ("⢥ত
 ")   饣       室   HDLA  ("⢥ত
 墠") .

        奬  祭  筠  祭 饣
 (ࢮ)   ஫      ய,        
  ᨣ HRQ  HDLA.

 


                            - 10 -

                       E2.2.  ।F

      1. । - (Memory-to-memory DMA).
      ᯮ    ।        
     㣮.  室     ।    ॣ
 㫥 ,  室 -   ॣ ࢮ .  ᫮
 横   (᫮     1)    ॣ ᫠
 横   1. । ந室   ᯮ짮 ࠡ祣
 ॣ  ஫     ⢥  ஬筮     
 ࠭ ଠ樨.  ।e -   
 ᯥ樠  ० 䨪樨   (Address  hold),  ஬
 祭   ⥪饣       ॣ   㫥    
 ,  ⮬  室    
  ⥬  ⮬ , 室騬   .

      2. ⮨樠 (⮧㧪, Autoinitialization).
      ᫥ 襭 筮  । ᯮ짮  
 ᪨        ९ணࠬ஢   쭥襩
 ࠡ    .    ⮨樠樨  ᪨஢  ᫥
 砭 ।   ந室,  ॣ  ⥪饣  
 稪  横  ⮬᪨  㦠    ᮮ⢥
 ॣ஢  砫묨 祭ﬨ.  ࠧ  த
 (७)   筮 ⠢ ᨣ    
   .

      3.  䨪஢ ਮ⮢.
       ⮬ ०   0 ᥣ  ᨬ ਮ,
    3 -  .   砥,    । 
    ᮪ ਮ⮬ 㤥 믮 ࠭, 祬
      ਮ⮬.

      4. ᪨ ᤢ ਮ⮢.
          ""  設      
 ६ ।e  ᪮쪨 .  , 
 ஬  諠  ।,  ⮬᪨  ᢠ 訩
 ਮ,  ᫥  祣  ࠢ    ।  砥    
 訬  ਮ⮬,   ண ।     
 .    ࠧ,  ᫨    砫 ࠡ ।
 ਮ⮢ 뫮  ( 0 - 訩),  諨 ᨣ
         1-    2-  ,    ᭠砫 㤥
 믮 ।  ࢮ  , ⥬   訩
 ਮ  (    2,  ᮮ⢥⢥,  訩,  .  . ᤢ
 ਮ⮢ 横᪨)   । 믮   2- ,
   ⥬    訩  ਮ,    訩 ਮ
 ,  ⢥⢥,    3,      㤥  
 २⢥ ࠢ  ।.

      5. ⨥ ६ । (Compressed transfer timing).
        砥,  ᫨  ६  ࠪ⨪  த⢨
   ன ᮢ,     ᮪ ६
 믮    ⠪  ।    2  横 ᮢ  
 ⠪⮢ , 室   横 ।.

 


                            - 11 -

            E2.3. ᠭ ७ ॣ஢ F

      ஫  344  ७ , ࣠
   ॣ஢. ᠭ ७  ॣ஢  ਢ 
 ⠡.

 Ŀ
                         來     ᫮   
             ॣ                   ()      ॣ஢ 
 Ĵ
   砫쭮               16            4     
  (Base Address Register)                                    
                                                             
   砫쭮 稪 横     16            4     
  (Base Word Count Register)                                 
                                                             
   ⥪饣                 16            4     
  (Current Address Register)                                 
                                                             
   ⥪饣 稪 横       16            4     
  (Current Word Count Register)                              
                                                             
  稩 ॣ                  16            1     
  (Temporary Address Register)                               
                                                             
  稩 ॣ 稪 横        16            1     
  (Temporary Word Count Register)                            
                                                             
   ﭨ                      8             1     
  (Status Register)                                          
                                                             
                            8             1     
  (Command Register)                                         
                                                             
   ० (Mode Register)         6             4     
                                                             
  稩 ॣ                        8             1     
  (Temporary Register)                                       
                                                             
   ᮪ (Mask Register)          4             1     
                                                             
   ᮢ                       4             1     
  (Request Register)                                         
 

       砫쭮  (Base Address Register).
       ⮬  ॣ  ⮢   ,   ண
 稭 ।.   ᮤন 16  ࠧ冷  ।
       ࠭    ࠧ஬ 64. 
    ࠭      ⢫   १  ᯥ樠
 ࠭  ॣ  (Page  Registers),  ন 譥
 .     ᢮ ॣ 砫쭮  
 ࠭  ॣ.            ࠭  
   ⢨        , 室騬 
 祭      ࠭.      ࠭  稭  
 


                            - 12 -

 ᥣ⭮  ,  ⭮  1000h  (0,  1000h,  2000h,  ...,
 9000h).

        砫쭮   稪  横  (Base   Word  Count
 Register).
        ⮬ ॣ   砫쭮  ᫮ 横 ।
  ணࠬ㥬  . ᪮ ᫮  । 
 ६ ࠡ  ⮢     ॢ蠥 
 ᫮  横, .  . ᫨      100 横  ।, 
 ࠧ   㤥 ࠢ 1  ,    ᥠ  㤥
 । 101  ଠ樨.

       ⥪饣  (Current Address Register).
      砫쭮 祭     ॣ ६ 
 ॣ஬  砫쭮  .    쭥襬    室  ।
 祭   ⥪饣     ⮬᪨  㢥稢   
 㬥蠥  (⭮  ࠢ       
 ணࠬ஢    ॣ  ०).  ᫨ ࠧ襭 ⮨-
 樠,  ᫥ 砭  ।  ॣ ⮬᪨
 ⠭ 祭  ॣ 砫쭮 .

        ⥪饣  稪   横  (Current  Word  Count
 Register).
        ᮤন ⥪饥  祭 稪  横 (᫮
 ⠢  横 ।).  ⮡ࠦ    ᫮  横
 ᥣ        ᫠     । ⮢
 , ⠪   祭  ⮬ ॣ ந 
   横 ।,  㦥 ᫥  䠪᪮ । 
 ,      ।  䨪     ९
 稪 (  祭  0  0FFFFh).

      ० (Mode Register).
        ॣ      ०   ࠡ   ᢮  
 ஫.

  7 6 5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 XX               :
  
                 > 0-1:  ࠡ: 00=஢ઠ,
                             01= ( ),
                             10=⥭ ( ),
                             11=⨬ 
             > 2: ⮨樠: 1=ࠧ襭,
                                               0=饭
           > 3:  ⥪饣  
                             : 0=㢥祭, 1=㬥襭
        > 4-5:  ।:
                                00= ।  ॡ,
                                01= 筮 ।,
                                10= 筮 ।,
                                11=᪠ ०.

             ᢮   ॣ஢,
 ᠭ .  ஬ ⮣,   ᫥騩  ॣ஢,
 


                            - 13 -

    .

         (Command Register).
         8- ॣ  ࠢ ࠡ⮩  ஫. 
 ணࠬ,      ஫   室     ﭨ
 ணࠬ஢  頥    "Reset"  "Master
 Clear". 祭 ⮢ ॣ  ਢ  㭪.

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                  :
  
                > 0: 0= । -,
                       1=ࠧ
              > 1: 0= 䨪   
                        0, 1=ࠧ
            > 2: 0=ࠧ஢, 1=஢
                         ஫
          > 3: 0=ଠ쭠 ६ ࠬ,
                          1=ᦠ⨥ ६ ।; ᫨ 
                          0 ⠭,  
        > 4: 0=० 䨪஢ ਮ⮢,
                           1=० 横᪮ ᤢ
                             ਮ⮢
      > 5: 1= ७ ,
                            0=প  ; ᫨  3
                            ⠭,  
    > 6: 0=⨢ ⠥ ᮪ ஢
                             ᨣ  (DREQ), 1=
  > 7: ⨢ ⠥ ᮪ ஢
                              ᨣ ⢥ত  
                               (DACK), 1=

       ﭨ (Status Register).
        ࠦ ⥪饥  ﭨ ᮢ   । 
 ᥬ ६ .  0 - 3 ⠭   ᫥
 襭 ।    0 - 3 ( 0 -   0,  1 -
  1  ..), ᫨   ० ⮨樠樨.  
   ᫥      ஫    ᫥  
 樨 뢠 ﭨ  ॣ  ﭨ.  4 - 7
 㪠뢠      0  - 3 ⨢   ⥪騩 
 ᨣ   .

       ᮪ (Mask Register).
        ⮣  4-⮢ ॣ ᪨/᪨
 ᢮  ,  ⮬  祭 1 ᪨ , 祭 0
 ᪨     ࠧ蠥 ਥ  ᨣ    ⮬
 .

       ᮢ (Request Register).
               (DREQ)         
 㦨  ன⢮, ⠪   ணࠬ.   ணࠬ
  ᨣ      4-   室
 ⠭ ᮮ⢥騩    4-ࠧ來 ॣ ᮢ.
         ⬥   㫥 祭 
 


                            - 14 -

 ᮮ⢥騩       ॣ.           頥
 ⮬᪨  砭 ।   .  
 ᮢ        ஫.    ⮣, ⮡
 ਭ ணࠬ    ,   室
  ०  ।.

      稩 ॣ (Temporary Register).
         8-ࠧ來   ॣ   ᯮ     ࠭
   , ।   ०  䨪஢ 
    ।   -        ६  ࠭
 ।    ⠫ ० ।.

 


                            - 15 -

         E2.4. ணࠬ ࠢ ஫஬ F

      ணࠬ  ࠢ   ஫஬    ⢫
 १  -뢮.     ॣ ஫
   ⢫ १ ᢮  -뢮.  ࠧ
 2.4.1   2.4.2 뢠 ணࠬ  ࠢ ஫ࠬ
  XT-  -  ᮮ⢥⢥.

      E2.4.1. ࣠  ࠢ   XT- F

      IBM  PC XT    XT-ᮢ⨬      4-
 ஫  8237. 祭  ᫥饥:

      0 -  -;
      1 - ᢮ ( ᯮ짮 ⥢묨 ࠬ);
      2 -   ஫஬  ᪮;
      3 -   ஫஬ ⪨ ᪮.

         ⠡   ਢ   ᠭ   ⮢   -뢮,
 ।祭  ࠢ ஫஬ .

 Ŀ
             祭                            
 Ĵ
  0h       砫쭮   ॣ 砫쭮-
                   ॣ ⥪饣   0
                                                            
  2h          1                          
                                                            
  4h          2                          
                                                            
  6h          3                          
                                                            
  0h    ⥭  ⥭ 砫쭮   ॣ 砫-
                   0                        
                                                            
  2h    ⥭      1                          
                                                            
  4h    ⥭      2                          
                                                            
  6h    ⥭      3                          
                                                            
  1h        ॣ 砫쭮 稪 横 
                 ॣ ⥪饣 稪 横  0
                                                            
  3h          1                          
                                                            
  5h          2                          
                                                            
  7h          3                          
 

 


                            - 16 -

 Ŀ
             祭                            
 Ĵ
                                                            
  1h    ⥭  ⥭ ⥪饣 祭  ॣ ⥪-  
                饣 稪 横  0               
                                                            
  3h    ⥭      1                          
                                                            
  5h    ⥭      2                          
                                                            
  7h    ⥭      3                          
                                                            
  8h       ॣ                    
                                                            
  8h    ⥭  ⥭ ॣ ﭨ                
                                                            
  9h        ॣ ᮢ                
                                                            
  0Ah       ᪨      
                                                            
  0Bh      ॣ ०          
                                                  
                                                            
  0Ch     ⪠ () ਣ-饫 (ਣ  
                ࢮ/᫥)                         
                                                            
  0Dh     ணࠬ  ஫               
                                                            
  0Eh     ⪠ ⮢ ᮪  4-         
                                                            
  0Fh      ॣ ᮪   4-   
                                                            
  0Dh                                                       
     ⥭  ⥭ ࠡ祣 ॣ                 
  0Fh                                                       
 Ĵ
  81h       ࠭   2        
                                                            
  82h         3                          
                                                            
  83h         1                          
                                                            
  87h         0                          
 

       0h - 7h ।祭    室 祭 
 ॣ  砫쭮   ⥪饣 ,  砫쭮   ⥪饣
 稪   横        4-   .       
 쬨ࠧ來,    ॣ,      १   
 , 16-ࠧ來,   ந   ਥ. ।
 ࢮ    뢮    ॡ㥬   室 
 ਣ-饫,       祣    믮      뢮
 ந쭮 祭    0Ch, ᫥  祣  ॡ㥬 
 뢮  訩   16-ࠧ來 祭   ⥬ 訩
 


                            - 17 -

  ᫥饩  뢮    .

      뢮   8h   祭  ॣ 
 . ᠭ ⮢ ॣ  ਢ  .2.3.

      ⥭       8h  뢠  ॣ  ﭨ  .
 ᠭ ⮢ ॣ ﭨ ਢ  .2.3.

           9h    ⠭    
   ॣ ᮢ    . ଠ 
 ᫥騩:

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 X  X  X  X  X         :
  
  ᯮ   > 0-1: 롮  00 - 0
                                             01 - 1
                                             10 - 2
                                             11 - 3
                 > 2: 1=⠭    
                               0=    

           0Ah   ⠭    
 ᪨  ॣ ᮪    . ଠ :

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 X  X  X  X  X         :
  
  ᯮ   > 0-1: 롮  00 - 0
                                             01 - 1
                                             10 - 2
                                             11 - 3
                 > 2: 1=⠭  ᪨
                               0=  ᪨

         0Bh ⠭ 祭  ॣ ०
   4-  .  0   1    (00 -
 0, 01  - 1, 10 -  2, 11 - 3).    2 -  7  祭,
 ।  ᮮ⢥⢥      0  -  6 ॣ ०.
 ᠭ ⮢ ॣ ० ਢ  . 2.3.

            0Dh    ணࠬ  ஫
 (Master  Clear). 뢮            
 䥪,          ஫.  ணࠬ
   ॣ ,  ﭨ, ᮢ  ࠡ稩
 ॣ.    뢠 ਣ-饫   ⠭
     ᮪    ॣ  ᮪.  ᫥ ணࠬ 
 ஫ 室  横 .

      뢮          0Eh  頥 ॣ ᮪ -
 뢠    ᮪    4-      ⠪ ࠧ
 ࠧ蠥 ਥ ᮢ    ᥬ .

 


                            - 18 -

      १  0Fh    ந쭮 祭 ॣ
 ᮪  .   ⮣ 室      0 -  3 ॣ  AL
 ⠭ ॡ㥬 祭 ᮪  0 - 3 ᮮ⢥⢥
  뢥  祭  .

      ࠭ ॣ  ।祭   ࠬ
 ࠭ ,  ன 㤥 ந .  ஬
 ࠭   訥  4    20-⮢ 
 , .. 砫 ᥣ  ࠭   1000h
 (0,  1000h, 2000h,  ..., 9000h).  ,   ⥪ 
  ࠡ  ⮫쪮  ࠭楩   ࠧ஬ 64,  
 ,  ᯥ稢 ४祭  ࠭ ஥  ⠪, 
 ࠭    ⪨  ࠭,  ᠭ  .  - ⮩
 ᮡ     ⢨   
 , ᥪ騬 ࠭   ⠪ ࠭栬.

      E2.4.2. ࣠  ࠢ   AT- F

      IBM  PC AT   AT-      ஫  
 8237, ࠡe  ᪠ ०.

      祭  ᫥騥:

      0 - ᢮;
      1 -  SDLC;
      2 - ஫ ⥫   ᪠;
      3 - ஫ ⥫  ⪨ ᪠;
      4 - ᪠   ஫஬ ;
      5, 6, 7 - ᢮.

      ࠢ  0 -  3 ⢫ 筮 PC/.
  4  - 7 ।祭    16-ࠧ來묨 ᫮. 
 裡  ⨬   ⫨稩  ࠡ  ⨬ :

      -    0    ,  ᨬ    ॣ  砫쭮 
 ⥪饣 , ᥣ ࠧ㬥  ࠢ 0, ⮬ १
  ॣ ।  1 - 16  23-ࠧ來 
 (      0  -  15    20-ࠧ來  ,   
 ॠ     -  ),    ⮩     稭  
 ࠭ ॣ  4 - 7   17 - 23 
 ,     16  - 23,     ᤥ   ࠡ 
  0 - 3;

      - ᪮ ।  ⢫ 16-ࠧ來묨 ᫮,
  ॣ  ⥪饣   砫쭮 稪  横  
 ᫮ ,  ᫮ ᫮, 㬥襭  ;

      - ࠧ ࠭ ,  ।   
  祭  । ⠢ 2000h ⮢.

         ⠡   ਢ   ᠭ   ⮢   -뢮,
 ।祭  ࠢ  ஫஬ .

 


                            - 19 -

 Ŀ
             祭                            
 Ĵ
  0C0h     砫쭮   ॣ 砫쭮-
                   ॣ ⥪饣   4
                                                            
  0C4h        5                          
                                                            
  0C8h        6                          
                                                            
  0CCh        7                          
                                                            
  0C0h  ⥭  ⥭ 砫쭮   ॣ 砫-
                   4                        
                                                            
  0C4h  ⥭      5                          
                                                            
  0C8h  ⥭      6                          
                                                            
  0CCh  ⥭      7                          
                                                            
  0C2h      ॣ 砫쭮 稪 横 
                 ॣ ⥪饣 稪 横  4
                                                            
  0C6h        5                          
                                                            
  0CAh        6                          
                                                            
  0CEh        7                          
                                                            
  0C2h  ⥭  ⥭ ⥪饣 祭  ॣ ⥪-  
                饣 稪 横  4               
                                                            
  0C6h  ⥭      5                          
                                                            
  0Cah  ⥭      6                          
                                                            
  0CCh  ⥭      7                          
                                                            
  89h       ࠭   6        
                                                            
  8Bh         5                          
                                                            
  8Ah         7                          
                                                            
  8Fh         4                          
 

        ᫥饩 ⠡  ਢ ᠭ  祭 ⮢
 ண ஫    㪠   ⮢ ࢮ
 ஫. ଠ ,  /뢮 १  
 ᮢ     ଠ⠬        ⮢  ࢮ
 ஫.     ࠡ     ⨬   ⠬  ᫥  ⮫쪮
 뢠,    㬥    稭      0,  
 ࢮ  ஫,    4  (  4  -    0  ண
 


                            - 20 -

 ஫,  5 -    1  . .).

 Ŀ
                                               . 
                  祭                      
  -2                                             -1  
 Ĵ
  0D0h     ॣ             8h    
                                                           
  0D0h  ⥭  ⥭ ॣ ﭨ         8h    
                                                           
  0D2h      ॣ ᮢ         9h    
                                                           
  0D4h      ᪨       0Ah   
                                                 
                                                           
  0D6h     ॣ ०     0Bh   
                                               
                                                           
  0D8h    ⪠ () ਣ-饫     0Ch   
                (ਣ ࢮ/᫥)              
                                                           
  0DAh    ணࠬ  ஫        0Dh   
                                                           
  0DCh    ⪠ ⮢ ᮪       0Eh   
                                                           
  0DEh     ॣ ᮪   4-   0Fh   
                                                    
                                                           
  0DAh  ⥭  ⥭ ࠡ祣 ॣ          0Dh   
                                                           
 

 


                            - 21 -

            E3.ணࠬ㥬 ஫ 뢠F

      ணࠬ㥬  ஫  뢠  (, Programmable
 Interrupt   Controller,   PIC)   ॠ      ⥬
 뢠.  奬  8259    Intel  (ᮢ᪨  
 58059),     ⠪      䨪樨   8259-2    8259-8,
 ন 8 ஢ 뢠  쬨 ࠧ ன.
 ᭮ 㭪樨 ஫:

      -  䨪  ᮢ     뢠    쬨  譨
 筨;
      - ணࠬ ᪨஢ 㯠 ᮢ;
      - ᢮  䨪஢  横᪨  塞 -
 ⮢ 室 ஫,   㯠 ;
      - 樠  맮 楤 ࠡ⪨  㯨襣 -
 ⭮ 뢠.

      ⢮  㦨   譨  筨  뢠
        㢥祭    ⥬   ᪠஢   ᪮쪨
 ஫஢.

       ᯮ   뢮    奬   ஫   8259A
 ਢ  㭪.

             Ŀ  Ŀ
        __                           
        CS   1                       28   Vcc
        __                               
        WR   2                       27   A0
        __                                  ____
        RD   3                       26   INTA
                                         
        D7   4                       25   IR7
                                         
        D6   5                       24   IR6
                                         
        D5   6                       23   IR5
                                         
        D4   7                       22   IR4
                                         
        D3   8                       21   IR3
                                         
        D2   9                       20   IR2
                                         
        D1   10                      19   IR1
                                         
        D0   11                      18   IR0
                                         
      CAS0   12                      17   INT
                                            __ __
      CAS1   13                      16   SP/EN
                                         
       GND   14                      15   CAS2
                                         
             
 


                            - 22 -

 Ŀ
 祭 뢮             祭                
 Ĵ
   Vcc          -       ⠭ + 5                         
                                                             
   GND          -       騩 ()                        
   __                                                        
   CS         室      롮 奬                     
   __                                                        
   RD         室      ⥭                               
   __                                                        
   WR         室                                     
                                                             
   D0-D7    㭠ࠢ-  뢮  設                 
                                                       
            뢮                                           
                                                             
  CAS0-CAS2  室/      饣 ஫     
             室     室,    室.  
                        ।祭  । 騬   
                        ଠ樨  롮 室   
                        .                            
  __ __                                                      
  SP/EN      室       롮 饣 ஫           
                                                             
  INT        室        뢠                 
  ____                                                       
  INTA       室       ⢥ত 뢠             
                                                             
    A0       室       롮 ॣ஢ ஫          
                                                             
  IR0-IR7    室      室 ᮢ  뢠       
                        譨 筨.                  
 

       ⠢ ஫ 室:

      - 奬 ࠢ ⥭/;
      - 奬 ࠢ;
      - 奬 ᪠஢;
      - ॣ ᮢ  뢠;
      - 奬 ࠡ⪨ ਮ⮢;
      - ॣ ﭨ;
      - ॣ ᪨஢ ᮢ  뢠.

        室    ᭮ ﭨ: ன
  㦨  ᮢ    뢠.   ﭨ ன
 ஫    ਭ    ࠢ騥    ᫮    樠樨
 (Initialization Command Words, ICW),   ﭨ 㦨 -
 樮 ࠢ騥  ᫮ (Operation Control  Words, OCW).
  ᪮쪮 ० 㦨 筨 뢠:

      - ० 䨪஢ ਮ⮢   ஢ 뢠;
      -  ࠧ ਠ 横᪮ ᤢ ਮ⮢;
      - ० ⮬᪮ 襭 ࠡ⪨ 뢠;
 


                            - 23 -

      - ० ᯥ樠쭮 ᪨஢;
      - ०  ன.

              E3.1.ᠭ ᭮ ⮢ F

      奬   ࠢ   ⥭/   (Read/Write  Control
 Logic). ᭮  㭪樥 ⮣    ਥ  
 ய  ।  ଠ樨  ﭨ . 
  ய஬ ⢫  १ ᯥ樠 8-ࠧ來
   (Data Bus Buffer), 騩 䥩ᮬ  
  設 .  ⠢   室 ॣ ࠢ ᫮
 ICW   OCW. 奬 ࠢ 室  CS, RD, WR   A0. 室 CS
 (Chip  select)  ⢥砥    롮  奬.   ஢
 ᨣ   室 CS ࠧ蠥  믮    . 
 ஢  ᨣ   室 WR  (Write) ࠧ蠥 ய
 뢮 ࠢ騥 ᫮  ICW  OCW  ਥ   . 
 ஢  ᨣ    室  RD  (Read)  ࠧ蠥   ।
 ய  ଠ    ﭨ  ᯥ樠 ॣ஢
 IRR, ISR  IMR,  ᠭ .

       ࠢ騥 ᫮ ICW   OCW ਭ ஫஬ 
   9-ࠧ來  祭.    0  -  7  । १
 8-ࠧ來    .  訩  ࠧ  (쬮,  
 )      0     ⠭    0    1  
 ᨬ    ⮣,  १         ⮢
 -뢮  (    )  뫮 । ࠢ饥
 ᫮.  ᫨   뢮  祭  ᯮ짮    
 ᮬ, 0  㤥 ࠢ 0,  ᫨ ᯮ짮    
 ᮬ   訬, 祬 ।騩, ⮣ 0 㤥 ࠢ
 1.

       ᮢ  뢠 (Interrupt Request Register,
 IRR) 㦨 १ 室 IR0  - IR7 ஫.  
    室   IR0   -   IR7   -         뢠
 ᮮ⢥饣  ஢  (0  -  7).    ᮮ⢥⢨  ᨣ
       뢠   奬   ࠢ  ⠭
 ᮮ⢥騩   ॣ IRR.

         ﭨ   (ॣ   ࠡ뢠   ᮢ,
 In-Service  Register, ISR)  뢠    0  - 7 뢠
  ஢ (0 - 7)    ࠡ뢠.

       ᪨஢ ᮢ  뢠 (Interrupt Mask
 Register, IMR)  뢠, 뢠   ஢  騩
  ᪨஢. 筮 祭   IMR 㪠뢠 
 ,  뢠 ᮮ⢥饣 ஢   
  IRR .

      奬 ࠡ⪨ ਮ⮢ ( ਮ⮢, Priority
 Resolver) ।,  뢠  ஢    
   ਮ  믮.

      奬   ࠢ      ନ   ᨣ     
 a,  㯠騩    室  INT  (   뢠)
 ய. ᫨ 䫠 IF ॣ 䫠  ࠢ 1
 


                            - 24 -

 (뢠  ࠧ襭),    ⢥砥  ᨣ  
 INTA  (⢥ত 뢠),  ᫥ 祣  뢠   0
 ࠧ  IRR   ⠭   1 ࠧ  ISR, ᮮ⢥騥
 ஢  ࠡ뢠  뢠.   ᫥  祭  ண
 ᨣ ⢥ত      INTA,  ।
     設       8-⮢       뢠.   
 ᫥⥫쭮  ࠡ  奬   ࠢ  믮  
 祭     ⥬   யࠬ 8088/8086.  
 ࠡ   யࠬ  8080/8085 ᫥⥫쭮 ࠡ
 奬  ࠢ   ᪮쪮  ⫨砥     ᠭ  .
 ᭮  ⫨稥 ⮨   ⮬,     । 
 ⮫쪮    뢠,            INT
 (뢠) -  0CDh.

      奬   ᪠஢  ⢥砥     ࠡ   ᪠  
 ᪮쪨 ஫஢.   祭  饬 ஫
 室 INT   砥    室 IR0 -
 IR7 饣.    ᨣ ।  騬  室 INT
 .      頥  ᨣ  INTA, 騩
 ஫  ⮫쪮 ⠭    ISR  뢠  
 IRR,      뤠    ᢮  室  CAS0  - CAS2  ஢
 뢠,   ஬  祭 ,  ᫠訩  
 뢠.        CAS0  -  CAS2 ਭ ᥬ
 묨,  ࠡ뢠 ⮫쪮  ⥬,  祭 
  IR  ᮮ⢥騬 ஬.

 


                            - 25 -

                     E3.2. ࠡ F

      1.   䨪஢ ਮ⮢ (Fixed  Priority, Fully
 Nested  Mode).   ⮬ ०  ஫ 室  ࠧ ᫥
 樠樨.  뢠   ⪨ ਮ  0
    7  (0   -  訩)     ࠡ뢠     ᮮ⢥⢨  
 ਮ⠬. 뢠  訬  ਮ⮬   㤥
 ࠡ⠭,  ᫨       ࠡ⪨  뢠    
 ᮪  ਮ⠬   ﭭ         
 뢠.

      2. ⮬᪨ ᤢ ਮ⮢ (Automatic Rotation). 
 ⮬  ०       ࠡ  뢠  
 ஢        ਬ樨.  ਬ,   ᫥  ࠡ⪨
 뢠  ஢  4    ⮬᪨  ᢠ  訩
 ਮ,    ⮬  ਮ      ⠫  ஢
 横᪨ ᤢ  뢠 ஢ 5    
 樨  訩  ਮ  ,  ᫥⥫쭮,  
 ࠡ⠭묨.

      3.   ணࠬ-ࠢ塞    ᤢ   ਮ⮢(Specific
 Rotation). ணࠬ   ᠬ ।   横᪮
 ᤢ ਮ⮢ ,  ᮮ⢥饥 ࠢ饥 ᫮.
       ஢, ஬  ॡ ᢮
 ᨬ   ਮ.   ᫥   믮   ⠪   
 ன⢮  ࠡ⠥  ⠪  ,        ०  䨪஢
 ਮ⮢,      ⮬      ᤢ.  ਮ  ᤢ
 横᪨,  ⠪  ࠧ   ᫨  ᨬ  ਮ  
 祭  ஢ 3,   ஢  2      㤥
 ࠡ뢠 ᫥.

      4.    ⮬᪮   襭    ࠡ⪨   뢠
 (Automatic  End Of  Interrupt,  AEOI).   筮  ० ࠡ
 楤  ࠡ⪨ ⭮  뢠   । ᢮
 襭  ᢮    ISR ᯥ樠쭮 , 
   뢠     ࠡ뢠  .   ० AEOI
 㦭   ISR ⮬᪨  뢠   , 
 稭 ࠡ⪠ 뢠 㦭 楤ன ࠡ⪨  
       ॡ        襭  ࠡ⪨
 뢠   (EOI).       ࠡ          ०
 ᫠  ⥬,      楤  ࠡ⪨ 
 뢠     ୮ 室묨,  . .   ६ 
 ࠡ  ୮  뢠 ⮣  ஢.

      5.    ᯥ樠쭮  ᪨  (Special  Mask Mode). 
 ०    ⬥  ਮ⭮  㯮冷祭 ࠡ⪨
 ᮢ   ࠡ뢠      㯫.  ᫥ ⬥
 ०  ᯥ樠쭮  ᪨  ।騩  冷  ਮ⮢
 ஢ ࠭.

      6.    (Polling Mode).   ⮬ ०  
 뢠   ந室  ⮬᪨.   ᮢ 
 뢠    ।  뢠  IRR.  ०
  ⠪       ଠ  稨 ᮢ
   뢠   ,  ᫨     ,    ஢   
 


                            - 26 -

 ᨬ ਮ⮬,  ஬  .

                   E3.3.ணࠬ஢ F

         뢠   ࠢ              
 ய஢ Intel 8086/8088/80286. , 騥
    , ᯮ騥 㣨 , 饭.

         뢮  ଠ樨        ᯮ  2   
 -뢮.    ᮬ (筮   20h)  
    ᮬ (筮  21h).  १      
 ।  4  ᫮  樠樨  (Initialization Control Word,
 ICW1  -  ICW4),  騥  ०  ࠡ  ,   3 樮
 ࠢ  ᫮  (᫮  ࠡ  ਪ, Operation Control
 Words,  OCW1 -  OCW3).       ᮬ 뢮 ICW1,
 OCW2  OCW3. OCW2 ⫨砥  OCW3 ⥬,   3  ocw2 ࠢ
 0,   OCW3 ࠢ 1.     ६  4  OCW2  OCW3 ࠢ 0,
   ICW1 ࠢ 1.  ࠧ  祭, 뢮   
  ᮬ, 筮 ।,    ॣ (ICW1,
 OCW2  OCW3)  .

         ᮬ ᯮ  뢮 ICW2, ICW3,
 ICW4  OCW1. 筮  樨   ⮬ 砥
 ⠪     , .   . ᫮  樠樨 ICW2  - ICW4
  ।⢥  ᫥  ICW1,  뢥    
   ᮬ    뢮    ஬⪥     OCW1 
 ᫥, o  㤥 o ஫஬.

      뢮            ᮬ  ࠢ饣  ᫮
 樠樨  ICW1  稭  樠  .   
 樠樨  ஫ ᫥⥫쭮  ਭ ࠢ騥
 ᫮ ICW1 - ICW4.  稨  ⥬  ஫ ICW3
   뢮. 稥  ICW4 ।  ᮤঠ ICW1. 
 稨 ᪠  ᪮쪨     樠
 ⤥쭮.

      ଠ ICW1 ᫥騩:

   A0   7    6    5    4    3    2    1    0
 Ŀ
   0  --  --  --   1 LTIM ADISNGL IC4
 
                                        
                                        > 1=㤥 뢮 ICW4
                                            0= 㤥
                                    > 1= ஫
                                             0=᪠
                                > 
                            > 0= ᮢ
                                                 ஭⮬
                                               1= ᮢ
                                                 ஢

       4, ࠢ 1, ।,   뢮 ICW1,   OCW2
  OCW3.
 


                            - 27 -

       3 (LTIM), ࠢ 0,   ᮢ ஭⮬, 
 ⮬  ᠭ  奬:    IRR 뢠 
 ⠭ ᮮ⢥饣   ISR.

        2  (ADI)  ᯮ  ⮫쪮       -
 ஢ Intel 8080/8085.

        1  (SNGL)  㪠뢠     稥    ⥬  
 ஫   (᫨   ࠢ   1)      ᪠    ᪮쪨
 ஫஢ (᫨  ࠢ 0). ᫨    ࠢ 1,  ICW3 
 뢮   樠樨  ᫥  ICW2 ࠧ 
 ᫥ ICW4.

       0 (IC4) ।, 㤥  뢮 ICW4. ᫨ ICW4
   뢮  (  0  =  0),    ⮬᪨ 
 ﬨ.   뢠  稥  ICW4 易⥫쭮, . . ⨯
 ய 8086/8088     祭 1   
 ⮢.

      ࠢ饥 ᫮ ICW2     뢠 
 뢠 ஢ 0 (ਬ 8   IBM PC,    ஢
 0 ந室 뢠  ⠩).     
 뢠  ᯮ      㣮, 뢮   ICW2
 祭  8   ⮫쪮   쬮    ⠩,  
    뢠 ஢ 1,   (0Ah)   뢠
 ஢ 2  . .

      ࠢ饥 ᫮ ICW3 뢮 ⮫쪮  稨 ᪠
   ࠧ ଠ   饣   ஫஢. ICW3
 饣 㪠뢠,   室  IR0 - IR7 祭 
 ஫,  ⮬ ᮮ⢥騥   ⠭  1.
 ⠫   ⮬ ࠢ 0. ICW3 ᫥饣 :

           A0   7    6    5    4    3    2    1    0
         Ŀ
           1   0   0   0   1   0   0   1   0 
         

 ,         ᪠      2    ஫,
 祭  室 IR1  IR4.

      ICW3    (稭,  slave)      
         ஢,     ஬  ࠡ⠥  
 ஫.     ஫, ࠡ饣   ஢ 1
 ICW3 㤥 룫拉 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

           A0   7    6    5    4    3    2    1    0
         Ŀ
           1   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1 
         

 ᫨  ஫ ࠡ⠥   ஢ 4,   ICW3 㤥
 ⠪:

 


                            - 28 -

           A0   7    6    5    4    3    2    1    0
         Ŀ
           1   0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0 
         

      ᫥   ᫮  樠樨   (ICW4)    ᫥騩
 ଠ:

   A0   7    6    5    4    3    2    1    0
 Ŀ
   1   0   0   0 SFNM BUF M/SAEOI mPM
 
                                       
                                       > 1=8088/8086
                                             0=8080/8085
                                   > 1=AEOI
                                              0=EOI
                               > 1=騩
                                               0=
                                             (⮫쪮  BUF=1)
                           > 1=०
                                                  ਧ樨
                       > 1=ᯥ樠
                                                  ०

       0  (mPM) ।,    ய஬ ࠡ⠥
  (0 - 8080/8085, 1 - 8086/8088).

        1  (AEOI),  ࠢ  1,    ०  ⮬᪮
 襭 ࠡ⪨  뢠, ᠭ .  ᫨  
 ࠢ  0,    筮  ᮣ襭:  楤  ࠡ⪨
 ⭮ 뢠  ᠬ 뢠 ᢮   ISR.

       2 (M/S) , ᫨  3 (BUF) = 0.  稨
  ஫   BUF =  1 ⠭   1.  稨
 ᪠   ࠢ 1 ⮫쪮  饣 ஫.

        4  (SFNM)  ⠭  ᯥ樠  ०,
 ਬ塞    ᪠஢     ।  ਮ⮢
 ᮢ  ࠧ ஫஢ (Special Fully Nested Mode).

      ᫥ 樠樨   ⮢  ࠡ    ०.
     ०  ࠡ,      樠樨
 ॡ २樠஢  .

        ࠡ      २樠樨:

      - ᪨஢  ࠧ᪨஢  뢠;
      -  ਮ ஢;
      -     襭 ࠡ⪨  ⭮ -
 뢠;
      - ⠭/뢠 ० ᯥ樠쭮 ᪨;
      - ॢ   ஫    ०        뢠
 ﭨ ॣ஢ ISR  IRR;  ⮣  ॡ 뢥
       ᫮ ࠡ ਪ OCW1 - OCW3.
 


                            - 29 -

      ଠ ࢮ ᫮ ࠡ ਪ OCW1:

   A0   7    6    5    4    3    2    1    0
 Ŀ
   1  M7  M6  M5  M4  M3  M2  M1  M0 
 

      筮 祭    ⮢  0 - 7  砥, 
 뢠 ᮮ⢥饣 ஢ (IR0  - IR7) ᪨  
  ࠡ뢠 ஫஬.

      ஥  ᫮  ࠡ  ਪ  (OCW2)  ।祭 
 뢮    襭   ࠡ⪨  ⭮  뢠
 (EOI),  横᪮  ᤢ         ਮ⮢
 ஢. 祭 ⮢ OCW2 ᫥饥:

   A0   7    6    5    4    3    2    1    0
 Ŀ
   0   R  SL  EOI  0   0  L2  L1  L0 
 
                                      >  3  ।-
                                  >   ஢
                              > ࢠ, ᫨ 
                                             ॡ  .
                
                
                > 1- -
        v    v                                    襭 ࠡ⪨
     Ŀ                                  ⭮
       0   0  ᯮ   EOI=1      뢠
     Ĵ
       0   1  ஢ EOI (뢠 , ।-
     Ĵ  ﬨ L0 - L2  ISR)
       1   0  ᪨ ᤢ ਮ⮢   
     Ĵ 
       1   1  祭 襣 ਮ ஢, ।-
       ﬨ L0 - L2

         㦥  ਫ,   楤  ࠡ⪨   ⭮
 뢠   । ᢮ 襭   ᢮   
 ISR  뢮    襭  ࠡ⪨  뢠 (End Of
 Interrupt, EOI).    ਠ  EOI:  
 ᯥ஢  EOI.   EOI  頥     ISR, ᮮ-
 騩  뢠    ᨬ  ਮ⮬.  -
 ஢ EOI  (R=0, SL=1, EOI=1,  L0 - L2  ࠢ  ஢
 뢠)  頥    ISR  ,  ᮮ⢥騩 뢠 
 ஬,  㪠    L0  -  L2  ᨬ   ਮ.
     ⮬  R=1      ਮ ஢.
 ᪨  ᤢ  ਮ⮢  ᤢ  ਮ    
 ,      ⮬,   ᫨   ᫥   筮   ।
 ਮ⮢,      横᪮  ᤢ,  ஢  0
   訩 ਮ,  ஢ 1  - 訩,  ஢ 2 -
 ᫥騩        ..      祭 襣
 ਮ      ஢    ਮ  ⠫
 ஢  横᪨.    ࠧ,  ᫨     訩
 


                            - 30 -

 ਮ ஢ 5,  ஢ 6  訩.

       ᫮  ࠡ ਪ OCW3   ⠭ 
 ⬥ ०  ᯥ樠쭮 ᪨, ॢ  ஫  ०
     ᮤন IRR   ISR. 祭 ⮢ OCW3
 ਢ  㭪

   A0   7    6    5    4    3    2    1    0
 Ŀ
   0   0 ESMM SMM  0   1   P  RR  RIS
 
                             
                    > 1-० 
   v   v                           v   v   v
 Ŀ                       Ŀ
  1  0 -⬥ ०         0  1  0  ⥭ IRR
 Ĵ ᯥ樠쭮 ᪨     Ĵ
  1  1 -⠭ ०       0  1  1  ⥭ ISR
  ᯥ樠쭮 ᪨     

      筮  祭       (  ,  Polling  Bit)
 ॢ ஫   ० .  ᫨ ᫥ ⮣  
       ᮬ,  ॣ  AL 㧨 
 ᫥饣 ᮤঠ:

           7    6    5    4    3    2    1    0
         Ŀ
           I   0   0   0   0  L2  L1  L0 
         

      ᫨ I = 1,     뢠  ⮣ L0
 - L2  -    ஢   訬  ਮ⮬,  ஬
    뢠.

      ᫨ P=0,     ଠ  ISR  IRR. 
 ⮣ 室   ⥭  ISR  IRR (. 㭮
 )  ⥬  祭     ᮬ.

      筮  祭   ESMM    ᨬ  
 祭    SMM  ⠭    ⬥ ० ᯥ樠쭮
 ᪨.

 


                            - 31 -

                  E4.    㪠F

               E4.1. ணࠬ㥬 ⠩ 8253F

        ६ ࢠ   ନ஢ ᨣ 
 ࠧ묨  ६묨  ࠬࠬ     IBM  PC/XT  ਬ
 ணࠬ㥬 ⠩ 8253  (⢥  58053), 
 AT - 8254.   窨 ७ ணࠬ   .  ⠢
 ⠩   室:       設   ,   奬   ࠢ
 -뢮      ᨬ  ,     
 ᮤন  ॣ  ०,  奬  ࠢ  ,   
 16-ࠧ來 稪.

      ணࠬ஢      ⢫   ⥬   뢮
 ࠢ ᫮  ॣ  ०   砫쭮 祭
   稪.    ࠢ騩 室 GATE  室
 OUT   ࠡ    ᫥  ०.

       -  0-   (뢠  ନ쭮  ). ᫥ 
 ࠢ饣  ᫮    ॣ  ०      室  UT
 ⠭ 殮   ஢; 㧪 稪 
     ﭨ.  ⥬  稭  ६ 稪
 (᫥⥫쭮  ⠭    ).   , 
 稪  㫨,    室  OUT  ⠭ 殮
 ᮪  ஢    ࠭     㧪  稪  
 祭.     ⮫쪮   稥 ᨣ  ᮪
 ஢     室  GATE.    ஢   ⮣  ᨣ  
 ᯠ騩 ஭  .

      १㧪  稪    ६  ਢ    ᫥饬:
 㧪  襣    ⠭  ⥪騩 , 㧪
 襣  ᪠  横 . 쭮 ⨬
 祭 稪 ࠢ 2.

      - 1-  (騩 ⨢).   室 OUT ନ
 ⥫    ⥫쭮  t=n*T,    n  -  ᫮,
 㦥   稪,  T -  ਮ ⠪⮢  ᮢ. 
 ஢  室 OUT  ⠭  ᫥饣 ⠪ ᫥
   室 GATE ᨣ ᮪ ஢.

      㧪   稪  ᫠     ⥫쭮
 ⥪饣   ,     뢠     ᫥饬  ᪥.
 १ 稪 ந  騬 ஭⮬ 室 GATE
 ( १㧪 稪). 쭮 ⨬ n=1.

      -  2-  (  ).   ࠧ ᫥ ⨦
 稪   室  OUT  ⥫  
 ⥫쭮    ⠪.   १㧪  稪  ᪠뢠
 ⮫쪮  ᫥  १᪠  稪.    祧 ᨣ
 ᮪ ஢   室 GATE ४頥     室 OUT
    殮  ᮪   ஢.  १   稪
 ந室  稨  室 GATE ᨣ ᮪ ஢.

      -  3-   (  ).  祭  ०  2,  
 ⥫   ஢   室   ᨣ     
 


                            - 32 -

 㯥ਮ,  ⥫ -  ன 㯥ਮ. 筥, ᫨ n
 (砫쭮    祭   稪)    ⭮,      ⥫쭮
 ⥫쭮   ⥫쭮 㯥ਮ ࠢ  n*T/2; ᫨
   n ⭮  -   (n+1)*T/2   (n-1)*/2 ᮮ⢥⢥. 
 ஢  ᨣ   室 GATE  頥 ,   室  OUT
 ⠭  ᨣ  ᮪  ஢.  ᮪ ஢ GATE
 ࠧ蠥  ,   ⠭   ᪠ 稪 砫쭮
 ﭨ. ⬥⨬,  n=3  ⮬ ० ⨬.

      -  4-   (稪  ᮡ⨩).    砭  ᫠,
 㦥  稪,   室 OUT ନ ⥫
  ⥫쭮  ⠪.   稪  ६ 
 襣        ⥪騩 ,     襣
  १᪠ 稪.  ஢ 室 GATE 頥
 ,  ᮪  -  ࠧ蠥.  쭮  ⨬  祭
 稪 ࠢ 1.

      -  5-   (稪  ᮡ⨩    ⮧㧪).  ⫨稥 
 ० 4 ⮨   ⮬,   ⠭  ᨣ  室
 GATE १᪠  稪. १㧪 稪    
 ⥪騩   横,      ᫥騩   横  ।  
 ᥭ ᫮.

      ६ ࠬ ०  ⠩ ਢ  ᫥饬
 㭪:

        ڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿ
   CLK  
   __   ÿn=5 Ŀn=4 
   WR                   
               Ŀ   
   GATE                          
        Ŀ           Ŀ               
   OUT                
        
   n          5 4 3 2 1 0           4 3 2     2 1 0
        

                              0

        ڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿ
   CLK  
   __   ÿn=4 Ŀn=5 
   WR         
                 Ŀ    Ŀ    
   GATE            
        Ŀ       Ŀ               
   OUT                    
        
   n              4 3 2 1 0       5 4 3  5 4 3 2 1 0
        

                              1

 


                            - 33 -

        ڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿ
   CLK  
   __   ÿn=4 Ŀn=3 
   WR     
              Ŀ    
   GATE                         
        Ŀ Ŀ Ŀ Ŀ 
   OUT                                  
        
   n          4 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0      3 2 1 0
        

                              2

        ڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿ
   CLK  
   __   ÿn=4 Ŀn=5 
   WR                   
             Ŀ   
   GATE                                 
        Ŀ    Ŀ    Ŀ    
   OUT                      
        
   n          4 3 2 1 0  4 3 2 1 0  4 3 2 1 0  5   5 4
        

                              3

        ڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿ
   CLK  
   __   ÿn=4 Ŀn=5 
   WR                   
        Ŀ   
   GATE                               
        Ŀ Ŀ 
   OUT                                            
        
   n          4 3 2 1 0             5      5 4 3 2 1 0
        

                              4

        ڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿڿ
   CLK  
   __   ÿn=4 
   WR   
                 Ŀ   Ŀ   
   GATE          
        Ŀ Ŀ 
   OUT                                    
        
   n             4 3 2 1 0    4 3    4 3 2 1 0
        

                              5
 


                            - 34 -

        IBM  PC  ⠩        40h   ᫥騥
 ணࠬ㥬 ॣ:

               祭
 
   40h              㧪 稪  0
             ⥭       ⥭ 稪  0

   41h              㧪 稪  1
             ⥭       ⥭ 稪  1

   42h              㧪 稪  2
             ⥭       ⥭ 稪  2

   43h               ࠢ饣 ᫮
                           ॣ ० 
 

      ࠢ饥 ᫮  ᫥騩 ଠ:

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                                                ᪠
                           
                    > 0: 0 =  ,            & 1
                          1 = 筮- 
              > 1-3: ० ࠡ :       & 0Eh
                             000 - ० 0
                             001 - ० 1
                             X10 - ० 2
                             X11 - ० 3
                             100 - ० 4
                             101 - ० 5
        > 4-5:  㧪 稪:     & 30h
                              00 - "饫"
                                   ( 0-3 ࠧ)
                              01 - ⮫쪮 訩 
                              10 - ⮫쪮 訩 
                              00 - 訩 , ⥬ 訩
   > 6-7:  :             a & C0h
                               00 -  0
                               01 -  1
                               10 -  2
                               11 - 饭 

         ᯮᮡ  ⥭ ⥪饣  祭 稪
 .

      1. ⥭  ⠭  稪.  ᯥ祭 ⠡
   室 ਮ⠭  ࠡ    祩
 ᨣ    ஢    室  GATE  (஬ ० 1), 
 ஢ ⠪⮢ ᮢ.

      2. ⥭ " ".   뢠 稪  ⠭
     ᯮ  뫪     43h ࠢ饣
 


                            - 35 -

 ᫮  ० "饫"  (. ).  ࠢ饥 ᫮
 䨪  ⥪饥 祭  稪        
 訩 ,  ⥬ 訩 .

             E4.2.   ⥬  IBM PCF

       IBM PC  ⠩  ᫥饥 祭.

         祭                        
 
     0        ⥬  (IRQ0)          3, 稪=0 (65536)
     1           0 
              (ॣ )           2, 稪=18
     2         㪠                      
 

      ⮢     ࠢ  1,19318 , .  .
  ⠪  ⥫쭮 0,84  ᥪ. 室 GATE  0 
 1 ᥣ   ᮪  ஢, ⮬      
 ࠧ襭 ᥣ. 室 GATE  2 ࠢ ⮬ 0  PB
 䥩 8255 (. . 5), 易  ⮬ 61h.

        砫쭮  㧪  BIOS  樠   0 
 ࠡ   ० 3   稪 0 (.  . 65536 ६⮢  
 横 ). ⮬  ⥬ ᮢ ࠢ
      1,19 /65536 = 18.2 
  뢠 IRQ0,  易  ஬ Int  8, ந室 18,2
 ࠧ  ᥪ㭤, . .  55 ᥪ.

        ९ணࠬ஢  0,  ⮣

      - BIOS  ᬮ ᫥ ⥪饥 ६  ;

      -   ࠡ     ᪠, .  . 祭 
 몫祭  ⥫ 뢠  ⥪饬 ६.

        1  ࠡ⠥    ०  2    稪 18, ⮬
 ॣ     ந室     18   ᥪ.  ९ண-
 ࠬ஢   ,  . .   ਢ     
 .

      ணࠬ஢  2 ᠭ  ᫥饬 㭪.

 


                            - 36 -

                     E4.3.  㪠F

        室  㪮  㯠  ᪮  ""  
 ᨣ: 室  OUT 2-   ⠩  ᮤন   1
    䥩  8255. ⮬  ⥩訩 ᯮᮡ 樨
 㪠 ⮨  ணࠬ஢   2 ⠩ ⠪, ⮡ 
 뤠  אַ㣮       ,  騩  
 㪮    (20    -   20  ).    ⮣  ᫥
 ᯮ짮  ० ⠩  3   室騬 砫 祭
 稪. ᫨ ⥬ ⠭  0   1  ,  
 筥 㯠  室 㪮  ( 0 -  室 GATE
  2, ࠧ騩  ,   1 -  ࠧ襭 뤠 室
 OUT   室  㪮).   몫祭 㪠 筮
    0 - 1   . २⢮ ⮣ ⮤  ⮨ 
 ⮬, ,  ⨢  㪠,    믮  㣨
 ⢨. 祭  稪 2-     㫥
 n=1193181/f=1234DDh/f (1193181 - ⠪⮢   ⠩  ,
 f - ॡ㥬  㪠).

      ਬ:

            ;
            ; ணࠬ 樨 㪠
            ; 室: X=  㪠  
            ;
 Sound      proc     near
            push     ax        ;࠭ ॣ
            push     bx
            push     dx
            mov      bx,ax     ;
            mov      ax,34DDh
            mov      dx,12h    ;(dx,ax)=1193181
            cmp      dx,bx     ;᫨ bx < 18,  室
            jnb      Done      ;⮡  ९
            div      bx        ;ax=(dx,ax)/bx
            mov      bx,ax     ;稪 ⠩
            in       al,61h    ; 
            or       al,3      ;⠭  0-1
            out      61h,al
            mov      al,00001011b   ;ࠢ饥 ᫮ ⠩:
                               ; 2, ० 3, 筮 ᫮
            mov      dx,43h
            out      dx,al     ;뢮  ॣ ०
            dec      dx
            mov      al,bl
            out      dx,al     ;訩  稪
            mov      al,bh
            out      dx,al     ;訩  稪
 Done:
            pop      dx        ;⠭ ॣ
            pop      bx
            pop      ax
            ret
 Sound      endp
            ;
 


                            - 37 -

            ;ணࠬ 몫祭 㪠
            ;
 No_Sound   proc     near
            push     ax
            in       al,61h    ; 
            and      al,not 3  ; ⮢ 0-1
            out      61h,al
            pop      ax
            ret
 No_Sound   endp

       樨 모  ᯮ짮 ᫥騩 .
  octave  -  ⠢  (1, 2, ...);  note -    
 ⠢ (=1, #=2, ..., =12). :

      f := 32.625;
      for i := 1 to oktave do f := 2*f;
      for i := 1 to note do f := 1.059463094*f
      Sound (round(f));

      ன  ᯮᮡ   樨  㪠  ⮨     ⮬,  ⮡
 ஢ 㪮    室 ⠩,  ⠭
  ᮬ  1  ॣ  .  ࠢ প 
 ᯮ짮 ணࠬ 横, ਬ:

           ;
           ; ணࠬ 樨 㪠
           ; 室: N=⢮ ᮢ
           ;       FREQ=⥫쭮 
           ;
           in        al,61h         ; 
           and       al,not         ;  0
           mov       dx,N
 Repeat:
           or        al,2
           out       61h,al         ;⠭  1
           mov       cx,FREQ
 Wait_On:
           loop      Wait_On
           and       al,not 2       ;  1
           out       61h,al
           mov       cx,FREQ
 Wait_Off:
           loop      Wait_Off
           dec       dx
           jnz       Repeat

      ணࠬ஢   ⮣  ᯮᮡ   ᭮    ᫥
 㫠.  ᫨   - ⥫쭮  砭   ᥪ, f  - 
 㪠  ,  t - ⠪⮢   , 

      N=T*f; FREQ=t/(34*f).

      ⠭ 34   ⥬,   ⥫쭮  
 横 Wait_on  Wait_off  ਡ⥫쭮 ࠢ (17*cx) 設
 


                            - 38 -

 ⠪⮢.

      㤮⢮  ⮣ ⮤  ⮨   ⮬,    
   樥 㪠  -   뢠 ᯮ  ६
 ࠬ  㪮  ᨣ.      ᯥ稢  
 ன    ᮧ ᨬ 
 ஢ থ  横 Wait_on  Wait_off.

 


                            - 39 -

           E5. ணࠬ㥬 ਩ 䥩F

                    E5.1. ᠭ  8255F

        ⠢  IBM  PC/XT  室  ணࠬ㥬 ਩
 䥩  ()  8255  (⢥    58055).  
 ᮤন   8-ࠧ來   (,     )  ࣠樨
      譨  ன⢠  ॣ  ࠢ.
   㯯஢    㯯:  㯯   ⮨    
 襩  ࠤ ,  㯯   -      襩 ࠤ  .
 㯯    ࠡ   ० (0, 1,  2); 㯯  - 
    (0     1).     ।  ᮤন   ॣ
 ࠢ, 騬 ᫥訩 ଠ:

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 1                  :                         ᪠:
                           
                  > 0-1: । 㯯     a & 3
                             (  ०)
               > 2: ० 㯯  (0  1)  a & 4
            > 3-4: । 㯯     a & 18h
                                (  ०)
       > 5-6: ० 㯯 :         a & 60h
                                  00=० 0
                                  01=० 1
                                  1X=० 2

      -  0.-    ⮬ ०  㯯 ࠧ    
 (   ࠤ ).     ᯮ짮  ⮫쪮
   .    ।   㯯    ॣ  ࠢ
 ।,   ।祭   ,   - 
 뢮 (, ࠢ ,    뢮,  - 
 ):

 Ŀ
                      
 Ĵ
  4                         
  3      ࠤ     
  1                         
  0      ࠤ     
 

      - 1.-      ᯮ  । , 
 -   ࠢ  ᨣ.  쭥襥  ᠭ  ᤥ  
 ਬ 㯯 .  4 ॣ ࠢ  ᯮ짮
   (1 =  , 0 =  뢮).

            ᫥饥 祭:

 


                            - 40 -

  ()            祭
 
 4 (STBA)   0 = "஡஢" 設    
 5 (IBFA)   1 =  ᮤন ,   ࠭ ஬
 6-7        ᫨   3  ॣ  ࠢ  ࠢ 0,   
             ࠢ ਩  ன⢮; ᫨ 
            ࠢ 1,     ﭨ ன⢠.
 

       뢮:

  ()             祭
 
 4-5         ,  6,7  
 6 (OBFA)   1 =  ᮤন ,   ।
                ਩ ன
 7 (ASKA)   0 =    ਭ ன⢮
 

        㯯   樨    3   , 砥
 INTRA.    ᨣ  ਬ      뢠
 ⥬ 設.         ⮬ 室 ନ
 1,         ,   0,   
 뢠  .   뢮 INTRA  = 1,   ᮤন  
 ਭ  ன⢮,    0,      㦠  .
 襭 뢠 ࠢ  4   ०    6
  ० 뢮 (1 = ࠧ 뢠).

        㯯        뢮   ⮬ 1 ॣ
 ࠢ.    2   1    STBB  IBFB
 ( 祭 筮 ⠬ STBA   IBFA).  뢮  2
  1   OBFB  ASKB  (. ).   0 ⠭ INTRB,
 ࠧ襭ﬨ 뢠 ࠢ  2.

      -  2.-    ० ⨬  ⮫쪮   㯯 .  
      ⠭  㭠ࠢ,       ࠤ  
 । ⠪:

  ()            祭
 
 4 (STBA)     0 = "஡஢" 設   
 5 (IBFA)     1 =   㦠   設,
              0 =  ⠥ 
 6 (ACKA)     1 = ன⢮ ⮢    設
 7 (OBFA)     1 =  㦠    ,
              0 =  ਭ ன⢮
 

 


                            - 41 -

                E5.2.ᯮ짮   IBM PCF

         IBM PC/XT    60h - 63h. BIOS   
 ॣ ࠢ ( 63h) 99h,  . . ணࠬ 㯯 
     ० 0, 祬       ⠬ ,    -
 ⮬ 뢮:

            祭
 
 60h       ⥭          

 61h                 
           ⥭       ⥭ ᫥ 뢮   

 62h       ⥭       뢮   

 63h       ⥭/       ࠢ 
           
 

      ন  : ᫨  7    ࠢ 0,  ⥭ 
 ⮣   砥   ᪠-  ᫥ ⮩ 
 (.  . 6);  ᫨    7     ⠭,    ᮤন
  DIP-४⥫  SW1 ⥬ :

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                     :                           ᪠:
                             
                   >0: 1=                    & 1
                 >1: 1= ᮯ 8087       & 2
              >2-3:ࠧ  ⥬ :  & 0h
                             00=16K, 04h=32K, 0eh=64K  
         >4-5:⨯ ᯫ:                 & 30h
                              00= EGA/VGA
                              10h=CGA, 40 ⮫殢
                              20h=CGA, 80 ⮫殢
                              30h=஬
    >6-7:⢮ -1           a & C0h
                               00=1, 40h=2, 80h=3, C0h=4

 


                            - 42 -

      ন  :

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                  :
  
                > 0: 室 GATE 2-  ⠩:
                        OR 3 = . 
                        AND 0FCh = 몫. 
              > 1:   㪠
            > 2: । ᮤন 
          > 3: 0=  ⭮
                            䮭
        > 4: 0=ࠧ ஢  
      > 5: 0=ࠧ ᨣ  訡
                                ७
    > 6: 0=  
  > 7:  ᮤন 
                              (  1=⢥ত
                               )

      ন         7   . ᫨ 
 ⠭,      0-3   ᮤঠ    ࠤ  
 DIP-४⥫ SW2, ᫨ 襭,  :

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                     :
  
               >  0-3: DIP- SW2 (. )
        >  4:    ⭮ 䮭
      >  5: 室 OUT 2-  ⠩
    >  6: 1=訡   ७
  >  7: 1=訡  

       SW2 ᮤন ᫥騥 :

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                        :
  
                  > 0-3: 騩 ࠧ 
       > 4-7: ᥣ ࠢ 

 


                            - 43 -

                        E.6. F

                   E6.1.  IBM PC/XTF

         ன ⢫ १    60h  
 61h  (.  5.2).     ⨨    ந室  ⭮
 뢠  IRQ1, 易   ஬  Int 9.  ᫨   
 ࠡ뢠     뢠  ᠬ,     ணࠬ  ࠡ⪨
 뢠   ᫥騩 :

 Int_09h:
      push      ax
      push      di
      push      es
      in        al,60h    ;᪠.    
      les       di,buffer ; 
      stosb               ;࠭   
      pop       es
      pop       di
      in        al,61h    ;  
      mov       ah,al
      or        al,80h    ;⠭  "⢥ত "
      out       61h,al
      xchg      ah,al     ;뢥 ஥ 祭 
      out       61h,al
      mov       al,20h    ;᫠ ᨣ EOI
      out       20h,al    ;஫ 뢠
      pop       ax
      iret

      祭 ᪠-   ਢ  ਫ 1. 
   뢠     ᪨஢ 
 1  ॣ IMR ஫  뢠,  ⠭  6
   :

      in        al,21h    ;⥭ IMR
      or        al,2      ;⠭  1
      out       21h,al    ; IMR
 
      in        al,61h    ;⥭ 
      or        al,40h    ;⠭  6
      out       61h,al    ; 

        ࠧ襭  ࠡ     室  믮
  ⢨.

 


                            - 44 -

                   E6.2.  IBM PC ATF

      ⢨     ன    PC   AT    
 ய  Intel 8042;   ⮬  ணࠬ 
 ࠧ 訥    ࠢ ன,  
 PC/XT.

      ࠢ  ன  ந  饭    
 -뢮  64h.   ᮢ⨬   묨  ⨬
 ᯮ짮    60h.  ᫨  ਢ    ਬ  
 ࠡ  襩 ,  ᯮ  60h.

        64h ।祭   뢮        
 ⥭ ﭨ .   奬 뫪  -
 e ⠪:

      cli                      ; 뢠
      call      wait_kbd       ; ⮢ 
      mov       al,cmd_code    ; 
      out       64h,al         ;뢮  
      sti                      ;ࠧ襭 뢠

        ,  ᮯ஢  ⮬  ,    奬
 ਭ :

      cli
      call      wait_kbd
      mov       al,cmd_code    ; 
      out       64h,al
      call      wait_kbd
      mov       al,data_value  ; 
      out       64h,al
      sti

      ஢ઠ  ⮢    :

 wait_kbd:
       mov      cx,2500h  ;প 浪 10 ᥪ
 test_kbd:
       in       al,64h    ;⠥ ﭨ 
       test     al,2      ;஢ઠ  ⮢
       loopnz   test_kbd
       ret

      ࠬ   ᫥騥   ஫ 
 ( ᯨ᮪, ⭮,     ᮤঠ 訡, . .
 ᮡ࠭  ࠧ 筨):

                ᠭ
 
 0FFh               ७ .

 0FEh            ᫥ ।.

 0FDh           맮 뢠 IRQ1.
 


                            - 45 -

 0F6h           ਢ   室 ﭨ 
                ࠧ ᪠஢.

 0f5h           ਢ   室 ﭨ 
                 ᪠஢.

 0F4h                ᪠஢.

 0F3h            প  ᪮  ᨬ.
                ࢮ砫쭮  稭 
                  १ 0,5 ᥪ  ᪮
                10 ஢  ᥪ㭤.    
                ࠬ, ᫠ ᫥騩  :

   7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 0                     :
  
                > 0-4: ஢  ᥪ㭤
       > 5-6:砫쭠 প  ᥪ:
                                00=250, 01=500, 10=750, 11=1000

                ⢮ ஢  ᫥饩 ⠡楩:

                Ŀ
                .쳊.쳊.
                Ĵ
                 00h   30.0    0Bh   10.9    16h   4.3    
                 01h   26.7    0Ch   10.0    17h   4.0    
                 02h   24.0    0Dh    9.2    18h   3.7    
                 03h   21.8    0Eh    8.6    19h   3.3    
                 04h   20.0    0Fh    8.0    1Ah   3.0    
                 05h   18.5    10h    7.5    1Bh   2.7    
                 06h   17.1    11h    6.7    1Ch   2.5    
                 07h   16.0    12h    6.0    1Dh   2.3    
                 08h   15.0    13h    5.5    1Eh   2.1    
                 09h   13.3    14h    5.0    1Fh   2.0    
                 0Ah   12.0    15h    4.6                 
                

 0EEh             ( ⨪).  頥 0h.
 0EDh           ࠢ ᢥ⮤ .  祭
                 몫祭 ᢥ⮤ 諨 ⠪ 
                :

   7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 X  X  X  X  X        :
  
                     > 0: 1 =  ScrollLock
                   > 1: 1 =  NumLock
                 > 2: 1 =  CapsLock

 0DFh            20-⮢ .
 0DDh            20-⮢ .
 


                            - 46 -

 0D1h              뢮 8042.
 0D0h           ⥭  뢮 8042.
 0C0h           ⥭   8042.
 0AEh           襭 .
 0ADh           饭 .
 0ACh           ⥭  ஫.
 0ABh            ᨭ஭樨  .
 0AAh           ७  .
 

 


                            - 47 -

                          E7. ᯫF

                      E7.1. 饥 ᠭF

      ணࠬ஢  ᯫ    IBM  PC । ⨯
 ᯫ      ⨯  ,  祭 
 ⮬   .      ⮩      ᠭ    
 ࠭  IBM PC,  :

      - ஬ ᪨  MGA;
      - 梥⭮ ᪨  CGA;
      - ७ ᪨  EGA;
      - ᪨ ᨢ VGA.

      ࠫ   ன⢮      ࠢ   ஬
   ஫ ஭-祢 㡪 ().   IBM  PC
 ਬ   ணࠬ㥬    ஫      Motorola,
 騥    ᭮ ࠬ ࠧ⪨ ࠦ
  ࠭.   쭥襣 ਠ 室 
     ᯮ㥬  ⨩.    ࠡ  
 ࠪਧ ᫥騬 ﬨ:

      -  ⨪  ࠧ襭  (⢮  ப   
 ࠭);
      - ਧ⠫ ࠧ襭 (⢮ ᨬ  祪
  ப);
      - ।⠢   ;
      - ਡ⠬ 뢮, 騬 梥, 栭  . .

      ਧ⠫쭮     ⨪쭮   ࠧ襭  ।
 ᫥⥫쭮    ᮣᮢ        ६   ᨣ
 ᪮ ,  ࠢ    .  
    ﭭ  ᪮   ப     
   ப       ᫥,    (ࠧ稢)
 ࠦ  ࠭.  ॢ   ࠩ ࠢ 窨
 ப     ࠩ       ᫥饩  ப  (
 ਧ⠫   室   )        ᨣ
 ਧ⠫쭮  ᨭ஭樨;   ६饭    ࠩ
 ࠢ  樨 e  ப  ࠭   ࠩ   
 ࢮ  ப   (⨪    室   )  -  ᨣ
 ⨪쭮 ஭樨.

         ᥣ  ணࠬ   ⠪,  ⮡  뢮
    ࠭  室 ॥,  祬 ࠧ⪠  
 .     뢥  ࠭  (overscan),
 騩  ࠦ     騩  業஢    
 ࠭.

      ⥫쭮  ᨣ  ࠧ⪨  ਭ     ⠪
 뢠 ᨬ ⠪  (character clock).  ⠪
 -  १ ६, 室  뢮  ࠭ 8 祪 
 ᪮ ०  8  9 祪  䠢⭮-஢ ०.

      ࠬ  ࠧ⪨       ।  ॣ
 ஫   ;   祭      ॣ஢   ࠧ筮  
 


                            - 48 -

 ஫ MGA/CGA  EGA/VGA.

                     E7.2. ஫ F

       MGA   CGA ᮤঠ ஫   Motorola 6845,
 騩 ᫥騥 ணࠬ㥬 ॣ:

                    ᠭ
 
   R0   ⥫쭮         ६ 뢮 ப  
       ப (horizontal total)  ᨬ ⠪.
   R1  ਭ                ⢮ ᨬ  ப.
       (horizontal displayed)
   R2   ਧ⠫쭮     砫 ਧ⠫쭮
       ᨭ஭樨 (horizontal  ᨭ஭樨  ᨬ
       sync position)             ⠪.
   R3  ਭ ᨭ஭樨       ⥫쭮 ᨭ஭樨
       (sync width)               ( ࠤ - ⨪쭮,
                                   - ਧ⠫쭮).
   R4                  饥 ⢮ ப
       (vertical total)             .
   R5  ⨪쭮 ࠢ  ࠢ   50 
       (vertical adjust)          60 .
   R6                  ⢮ ப
       (vertical displayed)       ࠦ  .
   R7   ⨪쭮       砫 ⨪쭮
       ᨭ஭樨 (vertical    ᨭ஭樨  ᨬ
       sync position)             ⠪.
   R8   4-5: ० ᫮
       (interlace mode);
        6-7: ᤢ (skew)
   R9  . ᫮ ப    ⢮ ப  
                                  ப ᨬ.
   R10 砫              砫쭠 ப .
   R11                筠 ப .
   R12\砫             訩 
   R13/                訩 
   R14\                    訩 
   R15/                    訩 
   R16\                    訩 
   R17/ᢥ⮢              訩 
 

      A   EGA     VGA     ᫥騥  ணࠬ㥬
 ॣ, 㫨騥 ஫ :

                    ᠭ
 
   R0   ⥫쭮         ६ 뢮 ப  
       ப (horizontal total)  ᨬ ⠪.
   R1  ਭ  (horizontal   ⢮ ᨬ  ப
       display enable end)        (. R7).
   R2  砫 ਧ⠫쭮     쭠 ,  ன
       襭 (start horizontal  稭 ਧ⠫쭮
       blank)                     襭 .
 


                            - 49 -

   R3   ਧ⠫쭮      쭠 ,  ன
       襭 (end horizontal    稢 ਧ⠫쭮
       blank)                     襭  (  0-4);
                                  ࠧ襭 ᤢ ( 5-6).
   R4  砫 ⭮ 室  쭠  砫
        ਧ⠫ (start      ਧ⠫쭮 ᨭ஭樨.
       horizontal retrace)
   R5   ⭮ 室   쭠  砭
        ਧ⠫ (end        ਧ⠫쭮 ᨭ஭樨.
       horizontal retrace)

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                       :
  
               >  0-4: ਭ ⭮ 室 
                               ਧ⠫
      >  5-6: প ⭮ 室 
                               ᨬ ⠪
  >  7: 1=稭 ࠬ஢ 
                              ⭮ , 0= ⭮

   R6                  饥 ⢮ ப
       (vertical total)              (. R7).
   R7   ९       ন 訥  㣨
       (overflow)                 ॣ஢:

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                  :
  
                > 0: 8-  ࠧ  (R6)
              > 1: 8-  ⢠ ப
                        ⮡ࠦ   (R18)
            > 2: 8-  砫 ⨪쭮
                         ᨭ஭樨 (R16)
          > 3: 8-  砫 ⨪쭮
                          襭  (R21)
        > 4: 8-  ࠢ ப (R24)
      > 5: EGA: 8-  R10, VGA: 9-  R6
    > 6: 9-  R18 (⮫쪮 VGA)
  > 7: 9-  R16 (⮫쪮 VGA)

   R8  砫  (preset      ࢠ ப  ᫥
       row scan)                  ⨪쭮 ᨭ஭樨.
   R9  . ᫮ ப    ⢮ ப  
                                  ப ᨬ (  0-4);
                                   VGA:  5=9-  R21.
   R10 砫              砫쭠 ப .
   R11                筠 ப  (
                                  0-4); ᤢ  ( 5-6).
   R12\砫             訩 
   R13/                訩 
   R14\                    訩 
   R15/                    訩 
 


                            - 50 -

        ⥭:
   R16\                    訩 
   R17/ᢥ⮢              訩 
        :
   R16 砫 ⭮ 室  쭠  砫
        ⨪ (start        ⨪쭮 ᨭ஭樨.
       vertical retrace)
   R17  ⭮ 室   쭠  砭
        ⨪ (end          ⨪쭮 ᨭ஭樨.
       vertical retrace)

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
   0                 :
  
                >  0-3: ਭ ⭮ 室 
                              ⨪
         >  4: 0= 뢠 ⨪쭮
                              ᨭ஭樨
       >  5: 0=ࠧ 뢠 ⨪-
                              ᨭ஭樨 (IRQ2)
  >  7: VGA:    R0 - R7

   R18 ⢮ ப ⮡-   ⢮ ப ,
          (vertical     ᮡ⢥ -
       displayed end)             
   R19 ⨪쭮 ᬥ饭      ⢮ ᫮  
       (vertical displayed        ᪮ ப .
       adjustment)
   R20  ન       ப  ( 0-5).
   R21 砫 ⨪쭮       쭠 ,  ன
       襭 (start vertical    稭 ⨪쭮
       blank)                     襭 .
   R22  ⨪쭮        쭠 ,  ன
       襭 (end vertical      稢 ⨪쭮
       blank)                     襭 .

 


                            - 51 -

   R23 ࠢ ०:

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                  :
  
                > 0: 0=० ᮢ⨬  CGA
                        樨 䨪
              > 1: 롮 稪 ᪠஢
                        ப
            > 2: ਧ⠫쭠 ᨭ஭:
                         1=, 0=筠
          > 3: ⥫쭮 ᨭ஭樨 
                          ॣ樨 ᫮: 1=,
                          0=筠
        > 4: 1=⠭ ᮪
                           室, 0=ࠧ ࠢ
                           室
      > 5: ० ᫮ ᮢ 
                            ᮢ⨬  CGA: 0= 64
                            , 1=   64
    > 6: ० 樨: 1=⮢,
                             0=᫮
  > 7: 0= , 1=筠
                              ࠡ

   R24 ࠢ ப        ப , ᯮ㥬 
       (line compare)          饯 ࠭.
 

       祭 ⮣  ࠧ ભ,  ᠬ⥫쭮
 ணࠬ஢ ஫   ॢ 䨧᪨ ࠧ襭
 , ⮬   ᫥ ਡ   , ᫨  
     ਭ樯    ࠬ஢  ࠧ⪨. 
 室    ⢨       樠樨   ᯫ   筮
 믮  BIOS,  ⮬   室    ।⢥
 ணࠬ஢ ஫   ࠩ ।.

 


                            - 52 -

                    E7.3. ਡ ᨬF

        ⥪⮢  ०     ⮨      (
 ᨬ,   ਡ);     ᨬ  ।   ᨬ  ASCII,
 뢮   ᮮ⢥饩  樨 ࠭,   ਡ  - 梥
 ⮣  ᨬ. ⢥⢨  梥⮢ ਡ⠬     ⨯
 .

       ਡ⮢  CGA  ᫥ :

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 Blr  g  b I R  G  B  :
  
                 > 0-2: 梥 ᨬ
            > 3: 1=ન 梥 ᨬ
       > 4-6: 梥 䮭
  > 7: 1=栭 ᨬ

       ࠧ, 梥  䮭  ஢  0   7, 
 梥 ᨬ   ⮬ મ -  0   0Fh. 祭 ਡ
  㫮:

      16  *  梥  䮭  +  梥  ᨬ  ( 128  栭
 ᨬ)

        ᫥騬 ࠧ:

 Ŀ
                       
 Ĵ
   0              8           
   1               9    મ-ᨭ  
   2            0Ah   મ-멳
   3          0Bh   㡮     
   4            0Ch           
   5    ७      0Dh        
   6    筥     0Eh         
   7    ⫮-   0Fh          
 

        EGA     VGA    ⠪       
 ਡ⮢,     ८। 梥,  ᫥ 
 ⠡,  ९ணࠬ஢ ॣ஢  . ⮬  
 ਡ⮢  ᨬ ।     64 (EGA)   256  (VGA)
  権 梥⮢.

      ஬  ᯫ ᪠   祭   -
 ⮢,  ॠ쭮 ࠡ뢠 ⮫쪮 ᫥騥  祭:

      01h       ભ ᨬ
      07h        뢮 (ᢥ ᨬ  ⥬ 䮭)
      09h       ન ભ ᨬ
      0Fh       મ-ᢥ ᨬ  ⥬ 䮭
      70h       ⨢ (⥬ ᨬ  ᢥ⫮ 䮭)
 


                            - 53 -

      81h       騩 ભ ᨬ
      87h       騩 ᢥ ᨬ  ⥬ 䮭
      89h       騩 ન ભ ᨬ
      8Fh       騩 મ-ᢥ ᨬ  ⥬ 䮭

        뢠,   訩    ਡ⮢ 
    栭  ᨬ,   襭 મ  䮭
 (. 7.4 - 7.6).

 


                            - 54 -

           E7.4. ஬ ᪨  MGAF

      ஬  ᪨   (MGA   Hercules) - 
 ᪨  ஫ ᮪  ࠧ襭, ᮢ饭 
 ⮩  饣 ன⢠.     १ࢨ஢ 
 -뢮 3B0h - 3BFh, 騥 ᫥饥 祭.

       ᠭ
 
  3B4h        . ᯮ  롮
                  ॣ .   ॣ  Rn 㦭
                  믮 :
                  out 3B4h,n    out 3B5h,.

  3B5h   /    .  뢠 
         ⥭   ॣ    ॣ R12 - R17.

  3B8h       ० ᯫ:

  7  6 5  4 3  2 1  0
 Ŀ
   X  X  X  X :
  
              > 1: 0=⥪⮢ ०, 1=᪨ ०
          > 3: 0= ࠭, 1=⨢஢
                         ࠭
      > 5: 1= 7 ਡ⮢ - 栭
                          0= 7 ਡ⮢ - મ 䮭
  > 7:  ⥪饩 ࠭

  3B9h   /  뢮   砥 ਣ ᢥ⮢
         ⥭   .

  3BAh   ⥭    ﭨ ᯫ:

  7  6 5 4 3  2 1  0
 Ŀ
   XXX  XX   :
  
                > 0: 0=뢮 ࠦ, 1=ਧ⠫쭠
                         ᨭ஭
          > 3: 0=࠭ 祭, 1=몫祭 (
                          ஢ 㯫 ᨣ 
                           ࠭)
  > 7: 0=⨪쭠 ᨭ஭,
                           1=ᯫ ⨢

  3BBh   /  뢮   몫砥 ਣ ᢥ⮢
         ⥭   .

  3BCh-3BEh   . ᠭ ⮢ ࠫ쭮 ਭ (. 10).

  3BFh       䨣樨.   
                  䨣 ᯫ:
                  0 (DIAG) - ࠡ ⮫쪮  ⥪⮢ ०;
 


                            - 55 -

                  1 (HALF) - ⨬ ࠡ ⮫쪮 
                             ᪮ ࠭楩 0;
                  3 (FULL) - 㯭  ᪨ ࠭.
 

       MGA ᯮ    B0000h - BFFFFh.
  ⥪⮢  ०  (25  ப    80  ᨬ   ப) 
   4   B0000h   B0FFFh.   ⮬    ᨬ
 ࠢ B000h : 160*L+2*C,  ਡ   . 
 L -  ப (0 - 24), C -  ⮫ (0 - 79).

      ᪨ ०  ࠧ襭 720 祪  ਧ⠫
   348  祪    ⨪,  ⮬    ᪨ ࠭
 ॡ  32 .  MGA    ᪨  ࠭:
 ࠭ 0 ࠧ頥   B0000h - B7FFFh, ࠭ 1 - 
  B8000h  - BFFFFh. 饭   砫 ࠭  ,
 ᮤঠ饣   न⠬ (X,Y), ࠢ

      2000h * (Y % 4) + 90 * int(Y/4) + int(X/8),

   ᮮ⢥饣     ⮬  ࠢ  7 - (X % 8).
  X - ਧ⠫쭠  窨  (0 - 719), Y -  -
 쭠  (0 - 347).

       ⢥  ਬ ਢ ணࠬ  樠樨 MGA 
 ⥪⮢  ᪮ ०.

      ;  祭 ॣ஢    ०
 Graph_Tbl db   35h,2Dh,2Eh,07h,5Bh,02h,57h,57h,02h,03h,00h,00h
 Text_Tbl  db   61h,50h,52h,0Fh,19h,06h,19h,19h,02h,0Dh,0Bh,0Ch

      ; ⠭ ᪮ ०:
 Gr_Mode:
      mov  al,2
      lea  si,Graph_Tbl
      mov  bx,0
      mov  cx,4000h
      call Set_Mode
        .  .  .

      ; ⠭ ⥪⮢ ०:
 Txt_Mode:
      mov  al,20h
      lea  si,Text_Tbl
      mov  bx,0720h
      mov  cx,2000h
      call Set_Mode
        .  .  .

      ; ணࠬ 樠樨 MGA.
      ; 室: AL - ०
      ;       SI -  ⠡ ॣ஢ 
      ;       CX - ࠧ ࠭  ᫮
      ;       BX - 祭  ⪨ ࠭
 Set_mode  proc near
 


                            - 56 -

      push ax        ; ࠭ ॣ
      push bx
      push cx
      mov  dx,3B8h   ; ॣ ०
      out  dx,al     ;  ० , ⪫稢 ࠭
      mov  ax,cs
      mov  ds,ax     ; DS:SI =  ⠡
      mov  dx,3B4h   ; ॣ 
      mov  cx,12     ; 12 ॣ஢ 
      xor  ah,ah
      cld
 Set_CRT:
      mov  al,ah
      out  dx,al     ;  ॣ 
      inc  dx
      lodsb
      out  dx,al     ; ᮤন ॣ 
      dec  dx
      loop Set_CRT
      pop  cx
      mov  ax,0B000h
      mov  es,ax
      pop  ax
      xor  di,di     ; ES:DI => 
      rep  stosw     ; ⪠ ࠭
      mov  dx,3B8h   ; ॣ ०
      pop  ax
      add  al,8
      out  dx,al     ; ⨢஢ ࠭
      ret
 Set_Mode  endp

 


                            - 57 -

             E7.5. ⭮ ᪨  CGAF

      ⭮ ᪨  (CGA  - Color Graphics Adapter)
 -  ᪨ ஫  । ࠧ襭.  
 १ࢨ஢     -뢮   3D0h  -   3DFh,  騥
 ᫥饥 祭.

       ᠭ
 
  3D4h        . ᯮ  롮
                  ॣ .   ॣ  Rn 㦭
                  믮 :
                  out 3D4h,n    out 3D5h,.

  3D5h   /    .  뢠 
         ⥭   ॣ    ॣ R12 - R17.

  3D8h       ० ᯫ:

  7 6 5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 XX             :
  
                >0: - ⮫殢  ⥪⮢ ०:
                        0=40 ⮫殢, 1=80 ⮫殢
              >1: 0=⥪⮢ ०, 1=᪨ ०
            >2: 1= 梥  ⭮ ᯫ
          >3: 0= ࠭, 1=⨢஢
                          ࠭
        >4: ࠧ襭  ਧ⠫:
                           0=320 祪, 1=640 祪
      >5: 1= 7 ਡ⮢ - 栭
                            0= 7 ਡ⮢ - મ 䮭

  3D9h       롮 梥⮢:

  7 6 5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 XX    I  R  G  B  :
  
               >0-3: 梥 (. 7.3):  ⥪ - 梥
                            ࠬ,  䨪 - 梥 䮭
        >4: મ:  ⥪ - મ 䮭,
                            䨪 - મ ᥫ
      >5:  ᪮  (0  1)

      ਬ砭:  롮      ᭮ 梥⮢ 
 ᪮  ०.    0  -  //筥,
  1  - /७/ᢥ⫮- (.  . ⫨砥
  ᨭ 梥).

 


                            - 58 -

  3DAh   ⥭    ﭨ ᯫ:

  7  6 5 4 3  2 1  0
 Ŀ
 XXXX         :
  
                >0: 0=뢮 ࠦ, 1=ਧ⠫쭠
                         ⨪쭠 ᨭ஭
              >1: 1=ਣ ᢥ⮢  襭
            >2: 1=饫 ᢥ⮢  
          >3: 0=࠭ 祭, 1=몫祭 (
                           ஢ 㯫 ᨣ 
                            ࠭ - ᫨   ⠭,
                           뢮  ࠭  뢠 "嫮쥢")

  3DBh   /  뢮   몫砥 ਣ ᢥ⮢
         ⥭   .

  3DCh   /  뢮   砥 ਣ ᢥ⮢
         ⥭   .
 

       CGA ᯮ    B8000h - BFFFFh.
 CGA   ⨯ ⥪⮢ ०:  25 ப  40 ᨬ 
 ப      80  ᨬ    ப.    ० 25  40 
 ࠭  800h ⮢,  ⮬  ⮨  8
 ࠭;   ०  25   80 ࠭   1000h  ⮢ 
  ⮨  4 ࠭.

          ᨬ    ⥪⮢  ०  ࠢ  B800h :
 n*P+m*L+2*C,   ਡ   .   L - 
 ப (0 - 24), C -  ⮫ (0  - 79  0 - 39), m = 2 *
 ⢮ ⮫殢 ०, n = 800h  m=80  1000h  m=160.

      CGA      ⨯  ᪨  ०: 梥⭮ ०,
 騩  ࠧ襭 320  祪   ਧ⠫   200 祪  
 ⨪,   ୮- ०   ࠧ襭 640 祪   200
 祪.  ०  320  200  ᥫ   ⠬,
 騬  梥;   ० 640  200  梥 ᥫ 
   ⮬ (/).   ᪨  ०   ࠭
 ॡ   16   ,   ⮬       ࠭
 ,  ࠧ頥    B8000h - BFFFFh. 
 ࠭  ᫮      :      B8000h
 ᮤন ᥫ, 騥    ப;   
 BA000h ᮤন ᥫ    ப. ⮬  ,
 ᮤঠ饣   न⠬ (X,Y), ࠢ  梥⭮ ०

      B800h : 2000h * (Y % 2) + 80 * int(Y/2) + int(X/4),

   ᮮ⢥ ⮢   ⮬  ࠢ 7 -  2 * (X %
 4)  6 - 2 * (X %  4).  X - ਧ⠫쭠  窨 (0
 - 319), Y -  ⨪쭠  (0 - 199).

       , ᮤঠ饣    न⠬ (X,Y), ࠢ
  ୮- ०
 


                            - 59 -

      B800h : 2000h * (Y % 2) + 80 * int(Y/2) + int(X/8),

   ᮮ⢥饣    ⮬   ࠢ  7 - (X % 8).
   X  -  ਧ⠫쭠    窨  (0  -  639), Y - 
 ⨪쭠  (0 - 199).

 


                            - 60 -

           E7.6. ७ ᪨  EGAF

      ७  ᪨   (EGA -  Enhanced Graphics
 Adapter) -   ᪨ ஫ ᮪ ࠧ襭,
 ணࠬ  ᮢ⨬    ࠬ  CGA    MGA,   騩
 ࠧ 訥  .  IBM  PC  EGA  १ࢨ஢
 ᫥騥  -뢮:

      EGA #1 -  3C0h - 3DFh;
      EGA #2 -  2C0h - 2DFh.

      EGA   ஢ 뢠 IRQ2 (Int  0Ah)  砫
 ⨪쭮  ᨭ஭樨.  ,  BIOS    ᯮ  
 ;   ⠪   뢠  , .  .   Int 0Ah
 ᯮ   PC AT  ᪠  ண ஫ 뢠
 (. . 3).

       ॣ EGA  ࠧ   㯯:

      3C0h           ஫ ਡ⮢ (ATC)
      3C2h           楫 ॣ
      3C4h-3C5h       ᨭ஭樨 (sequencer)
      3CAh-3CFh      ᪨ ஫ (GDC)
      3D4h-3DCh    ࠢ ᯫ
      3B4h-3BCh      ( ⮢   ०)

      ஫ ਡ⮢ (ATC)   20 ॣ஢, ࠢ
 梥⠬ 뢮:

                    ᠭ
 
 R0-R15           । 梥 ᮮ⢥
        (⮫쪮  )      ਡ⮢:

  7 6 5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 XXr g b R G B  :
  
                > 0:  2/3 મ
              > 1:  2/3 મ
            > 2:  2/3 મ
          > 3:  1/3 મ
                           (ન  MGA)
        > 4:  1/3 મ
                            (મ  MGA)
      > 5:  1/3 મ

 


                            - 61 -

   R16  ࠢ ०       ᫥ :

  7 6 5 4 3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 XXXX         :
  
                > 0: : 0=⥪⮢, 1=᪨
              > 1: 1=ਡ MGA, 0=ਡ CGA
            > 2:  9-   ᥢ䨪:
                          1=9- 窠 ᮢ  8- 窮
                          0=뢮 9- 窨 梥⮬ 䮭
          > 3:  7  ਡ⮢ :
                           1=栭 ᨬ, 0=મ 䮭

   R17   ࠬ               ஥ ⠪ ,  ॣ
                                 .
   R18  ࠢ 梥⮢묨      ᫥ :
        ᪮ﬨ

  7 6 5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 XX                 :
  
                >0-3: 1=ࠧ 梥⮢ ᪮
                                 Ci, i = 0 - 3
        >4-5: ⨯஢ ᨣ:
                               00=R&B, 01=b&G, 10=r&g,
                               11= ᯮ

   R19  ਧ⠫쭠 ப⪠  ᤢ ࠭  
                                 窠 (0 - 15).
 

      ਬ砭.
      1.        ᮮ⢥⢨  祭
 ਡ   梥⮬. ਬ,  뫪 祭 02h  ॣ
 ATC ।      梥, 10h -   -,
 12h -  મ-.

      2.  ⮣, ⮡ 梥 ਡ⮢ ᮢ  梥⠬ CGA,
 ॣ    ᫥騥 祭:

    Ŀ
        祭     祭 
    Ĵ
       00h        00h      08h        38h   
       01h        01h      09h        39h   
       02h        02h      0Ah        3Ah   
       03h        03h      0Bh        3Bh   
       04h        04h      0Ch        3Ch   
       05h        05h      0Dh        3Dh   
       06h        14h      0Eh        3Eh   
       07h        07h      0Fh        3Fh   
    

 


                            - 62 -

         ᨭ஭樨   ᯥ稢   ᨭ஭  뢮
 ᨬ      ࠡ⮩   .       ᫥騥
 ணࠬ㥬 ॣ.

                    ᠭ
 
   R0    १          ⠭    0 -
         ᨭ஭樨             ᨭ஭ १
                                  , ⠭    1
                                  - ᨭ஭ १. 
                                  ଠ쭮 ࠡ  
                                    ⠭.
   R1     ᨭ஭樨       ᫥ :

  7 6 5 4 3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 XXXX         :
  
                > 0:  ᨬ: 1=8 祪, 0=9 祪
              > 1:   : 1=, 0=᮪
            > 2: 0=ᤢ  ᨬ, 1=⮫쪮 
          > 3:   ᥫ:
                           1=, 0=筠

    R2   ᪠ ⮢ ᪮⥩ ⠭ ⮢ 0 - 3 ࠧ蠥
                                    ᮮ⢥騥
                                  ⮢  ᪮.
    R3   롮  ᨬ      0-1 롨  B, 
                                  2-3 -  A;  A ⭮-
                                    ᨬ,    3
                                  ਡ⮢ ⠭,  B -
                                   ᨬ, 祩  3 襭.
                                  ⢨⥫쭮 ⮫쪮  砥,
                                    EGA  64.
    R4             ᫥ :

  7 6 5 4 3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 XXXXX       :
  
                > 0: 1= ⥪, 0=䨪
              > 1:   EGA: 0=64K, 1= 64
            > 2: ᮡ ࠭ ᥫ:
                          1=᫥⥫, 0=  CGA
                          (᫮    ப)
 

      ᪨ ஫  (GDC) ࠢ ࠡ⮩   
 ᪮ ०   ᫥騥 ॣ:

                    ᠭ
 
   R0    ⠭/          ⠭ ⮢ 0 - 3 롨ࠥ
         ⮢ ᪮⥩       ᮮ⢥ ⮢ -
                                    ०  00.
 


                            - 63 -

   R1    襭 ⠭     ࠢ 㯮  R0.
          
   R2    ࠢ 梥⮢          0 - 3 롨 梥 
                                  ० ⥭ 1.
   R3    ࠬ           ᫥ :

  7 6 5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 XXX              :
  
                > 0-2: 稪 横᪨ ᤢ 
                             ०  00
          > 3-4: ᮡ 뢮  ०  00 
                             02: 00= , 01=, 10=,
                             11=᪫饥 

   R4    롮  ⥭        0-2   ᪮
                                   ० ⥭ 1.
   R5     ०            ᫥ :

  7 6 5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 XX              :
  
                > 0-1:   0 - 2 (. )
            > 2: 1=᮪ 室 ( -
                          ⨪), 0=筠 ࠡ
          > 3:  ⥭ 0 - 1 (. )
        > 4: 1=ᯮ짮 ᫮ 
                           (. ॣ 4  ᨭ஭樨)
      > 5: 1=ᯮ짮 2   ᥫ, 
                             CGA (ᤢ  ⮢  -
                             ); 0=ᤢ  ⮢ 
                             

   R6    ࠢ 䨪       ᫥ :

  7 6 5 4 3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 XXXX           :
  
                 > 0: 1=䨪, 0=
               > 1: ⠢   ᫥ 
            > 2-3:   ࠧ :
                             00=A0000h (128K), 01=A0000h (64K)
                             10=B0000h (32K),  11=B8000h (32K)

   R7    ᪨஢ 梥⮢       0-3 ᪫ ᮮ⢥-
                                  騥 ⮢ ᪮  ०
                                  ⥭ 1.
   R8    ⮢ ᪠             0-7  , ᪨-
                                     ⮢ ᪮.
 

      ਬ砭.  ⥭    ᫥騩 .
 


                            - 64 -

       ⥭:

      0 - ᯮ짮 ࠭ ⮢ ᪮;
      1 - ࠢ  梥 ᥫ  梥⮬   ॣ R2  -
  1   ᮢ.

       :

      00 - 横᪨ ᤢ  ,  ਬ ᯮᮡ 뢮,
   ࠧ襭 ᪮;
      01 - 뢥   ᪮ 祭, 祭 ।-
 騬 ⥭;
      10 - 뢮    ᪮ 8  祭 ᮮ⢥-
  ⮢ 0-3  ( ᪠)
      11 - ⨬.

       -뢮 EGA  ᫥饥 祭.

       ᠭ
 
  3C0h       ஫ ਡ⮢.  㯠 
                  ॣࠬ ATC  :
                  in al,3C2h   ; ३   ०
                  out 3C0h,n   ;  ॣ ATC (० )
                  out 3C0h,val ;  祭 ॣ
                   0-4  n -  ॣ,  5 :
                  1=ࠧ 뢮  ࠭, 0=⠭
                  ॣ ATC.

  3C2h       楫 ࠢ騩 ॣ:

  7  6  5  4   3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                   :
  
                 > 0: 롮 ⮢ ᯫ:
                          1=3BXh (MGA), 0=3DXh (CGA)
               > 1: 0=ࠧ   
                           1=   
            > 2-3:   ᥫ:
                              00=14 , 01=16 ,
                              10=譨 筨, 11=१
        > 4: 1= 뢮 ਧ,
                             0= ७ 筨
      > 5:  ࠭  ᫮
                              樨 : 0=
                              ࠭, 1= ࠭
    > 6: ୮ ⭮ 室 
                                ਧ⠫: 1=⥫쭠
  > 7: ୮ ⭮ 室 
                                 ⨪: 1=⥫쭠

 


                            - 65 -

         ⥭    ﭨ 0:

  7  6  5  4   3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
             X X X  :
  
           > 3-4:   ᥫ
                                (. )
      > 5-6:  ਧ
  > 7: 0= 室  
                                ⨪

  3C4h         ᨭ஭樨.

  3C5h         ᨭ஭樨.  ண-
                  ࠬ஢ ॣ Rn  㦭 믮
                  :
                  out 3C4h,n    out 3C5h,

  3CAh      ᪠  2 ( EGA   1).

  3CCh      ᪠  1 ( EGA   0).

  3CEh        ᪮ ஫.

  3CFh        ᪮ ஫. 
                  ணࠬ஢ ॣ Rn 㦭 믮
                  :
                  out 3CEh,n    out 3CFh,

  3D4h        . ᯮ  롮
               ॣ .   ॣ  Rn 㦭
  3B4h            믮 :
                  out 3X4h,n    out 3X5h,.

  3D5h/  /    .  뢠 
  3B5h   ⥭     ॣ .

  3DAh/      0 - 1 ࠢ 室 ਧ FC0 
  3BAh            FC1 (⠪ 19  17 ᮮ⢥⢥).

         ⥭    ﭨ 1:

  7  6 5 4 3  2 1  0
 Ŀ
 XXXX         :
  
                >0: 0=뢮 ࠦ, 1=ਧ⠫쭠
                         ⨪쭠 ᨭ஭
              >1: 1=ਣ ᢥ⮢  襭
            >2: 1=饫 ᢥ⮢  
          >3: 0=࠭ 祭, 1=몫祭 (EGA 
                           ॡ ஢ન ⮣  
                           뢮 -   砥 "嫮쥢" 
                           㤥)
 


                            - 66 -

  3DBh/  /  뢮   몫砥 ਣ ᢥ⮢
  3BBh   ⥭   .

  3DCh/  /  뢮   砥 ਣ ᢥ⮢
  3BCh   ⥭   .
 

      EGA  ࠡ⠥    ०  ᮢ⨬   CGA  MGA,
     ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ᪨ ०:

      320  200, 16 梥⮢
      640  200, 16 梥⮢
      640  350, ୮-
      640  350, 16 梥⮢

          ०     ࠧ    4  ⮢
 ᪮,    ᮤন ࠧ ࠭   
 ᭮   梥⮢:   ᭮,   ,   ᨭ    મ.
 ஫ EGA 뢠     ᪮⥩, ᮮ⢥-
 騥  ᥫ,  ନ  १騩 梥 
 ࠭ (  4    16 ਠ⮢ 梥⮢).

       EGA o⮡ࠦ     A0000h - B0000h.
    EGA    64  256   ᨬ 
 樨 . ,  ᫨  EGA ࠢ 256,
  ࠧ頥  16 ᭮ ࠭⢠ ⨢ .
   ⥬,   ⮢ ᪮ ⮡ࠦ 
      ;  롮 ⮢ ᪮,  ன
       묨,  室 ⠭
 ᮮ⢥騥 ॣ ᪮ ஫.

        ᪮  ०  640    200  64 ⨢ 
 ࠧ   4  ࠭   16 .    ࠭
 ࠢ ᮮ⢥⢥  A0000h, A4000h, A8000h   AC000h. 饭
  砫 ࠭   , ᮤঠ饣 ᥫ  न⠬
 (X,Y), ࠢ  80*Y + int(X/8),    ᮮ⢥饣   
 ⮬  ࠢ  7 - (X % 8).   X - ਧ⠫쭠 
 窨 (0 - 639), Y -  ⨪쭠  (0 - 199).

      ᪨  ० 320   200  ।⠢ 짮⥫ 8
 ࠭ ࠧ஬   8. 饭   砫 ࠭   ,
 ᮤঠ饣 ᥫ  न⠬ (X,Y), ࠢ 40*Y + int(X/8),
   ᮮ⢥饣    ⮬   ࠢ 7 - (X  % 8).
   X  -  ਧ⠫쭠    窨  (0  -  639), Y - 
 ⨪쭠  (0 - 199).

        ᪨ ०  640   350    ࠭  
 ᠬ A0000h  A8000h  ᮮ⢥⢥.  ⠫쭮  ०
 祭 ।騬.

        ⢥  ਬ  ਢ    ணࠬ  ࠡ 
 ᯫ EGA  ० 640   200. ᫨   ᯮ짮 
  㣨   ०,  筮     祭   ⠭
 PageSize  ᮮ⢥饥 祭.

 


                            - 67 -

 PageSize equ   4000h     ; ࠧ ࠭  ० 640  200

 ;ͻ
 ; ணࠬ ⪨ ࠭.              
 ; 室: CX =  頥 ࠭ (0-3) 
 ;ͼ

 EGA_Cls   proc near
      push ax
      push bx
      push cx
      push dx
      push es
      push di
      xor  ax,ax     ; 塞 ᬥ饭  ࠭
      mov  bx,PageSize
      jcxz Page_0
 High_Page:
      add  ax,bx
      loop High_Page
 Page_0:
      mov  di,ax     ; DI =  ࠭  
      mov  ax,0A000h
      mov  es,ax     ; ES:DI =   ࠭
      mov  ax,0FF08h
      mov  dx,3CEh   ; ᪨ ஫
      out  dx,ax     ; ⠭  ⮢ ᪨
      mov  ax,0FF02h
      mov  dx,3C4h   ;  ᨭ஭樨
      out  dx,ax     ; ࠧ    ᪮
      mov  ax,3
      mov  dx,3CEh   ; ᪨ ஫
      out  dx,ax     ;  ଠ ० ࠡ
      mov  cx,PageSize
      xor  al,al
      rep  stosb     ; 㫨 ࠭
      pop  di
      pop  es
      pop  dx
      pop  cx
      pop  bx
      pop  ax
      ret
 EGA_Cls   endp

 ;ͻ
 ; ணࠬ 뢮 ᥫ  ࠭.     
 ; 室: AX = 梥 ᥫ                   
 ;   BX =  ࠭                     
 ;   CX =  ⮫ (X)                  
 ;   DX =  ப  (Y)                  
 ;ͼ

 Put_Pixel proc near
      push ax
 


                            - 68 -

      push bx
      push cx
      push dx
      push es

      push ax
      push cx
      push dx
      mov  ax,dx
      mov  cx,80
      mul  cx    ; AX = 80 * Y
      pop  dx
      pop  cx
      push cx
      shr  cx,1
      shr  cx,1
      shr  cx,1  ; CX = X / 8
      add  ax,cx ; AX = 80 * Y + X / 8
      mov  cx,bx ;  ࠭
      mov  bx,PageSize
      jcxz Page_Done
 Next_Page:
      add  ax,bx ; ⥬ ᬥ饭  ࠭
      loop Next_Page
 Page_Done:
      pop  cx
      mov  bx,ax ; BX =  , ᮤঠ饣 ᥫ
      mov  ax,0A000h
      mov  es,ax ; ES:BX =   
      and  cl,7  ; CL = X % 7
      mov  ah,80h
      shr  ah,cl ; AH =  ᥫ  
      mov  dx,3CEh
      mov  al,8
      out  dx,ax ; ࠧ  ⮫쪮   
      pop  ax
      mov  ch,al ; 梥 ᥫ
      mov  dx,3C4h
      mov  ax,0FF02h
      out  dx,ax ; ࠧ    ᪮
      mov  al,es:[bx] ; ⠥ 
      xor  al,al
      mov  es:[bx],al ; 塞 ᥫ
      mov  al,2
      mov  ah,ch     ; 梥
      and  ah,0Fh    ; ਢ   0-15
      out  dx,ax     ; ࠧ   ᮮ. ᪮
      mov  al,es:[bx] ; ⠥ 
      mov  al,0FFh
      mov  es:[bx],al ; ⠭ ᥫ
      mov  ax,0FF02h
      out  dx,ax     ; ࠧ    ᪮
      mov  ax,3
      mov  dx,3CEh   ; ᪨ ஫
      out  dx,ax     ;  ଠ ० ࠡ
 


                            - 69 -

      mov  ax,0FF08h
      out  dx,ax     ;   
      pop  es
      pop  dx
      pop  cx
      pop  bx
      pop  ax
      ret
 Put_Pixel endp

 ;ͻ
 ; ணࠬ ⥭ 梥 ᥫ.        
 ; 室: CX =  ⮫ (X)              
 ;   DX =  ப  (Y)                  
 ; 室:AX = 梥 ᥫ                   
 ;ͼ

 Get_Pixel proc near
      push ax
      push bx
      push cx
      push dx
      push es

      push dx
      mov  ax,205h
      mov  dx,3CEh
      out  dx,ax     ; ०: =01, ⥭=0
      pop  dx
      push cx
      push dx
      mov  ax,dx
      mov  cx,80
      mul  cx   ; AX = 80 * Y
      pop  dx
      pop  cx
      push cx
      shr  cx,1
      shr  cx,1
      shr  cx,1      ; CX = X / 8
      add  ax,cx     ; AX = 80 * Y + X / 8
      mov  cx,bx     ;  ࠭
      mov  bx,PageSize
      jcxz My_Page
 Higher_Page:
      add  ax,bx     ; ⥬ ᬥ饭  ࠭
      loop Higher_Page
 My_Page:
      mov  di,ax     ; DI =  , ᮤঠ饣 ᥫ
      mov  ax,0A000h
      mov  es,ax     ; ES:DI =   
      pop  cx
      and  cl,7      ; CL = X % 7
      mov  ch,80h
      shr  ch,cl     ; CH =  ᥫ  
 


                            - 70 -

      mov  bl,7
      sub  bl,cl
      mov  cl,bl     ; CL =    
      xor  bl,bl     ; ⥫ 梥
      mov  ah,3      ; 稪 ⮢ ᪮⥩
      mov  al,4      ; R4 = ॣ 롮 ᪮
      mov  dx,3CEh   ; ᪨ ஫
 Read_Plane:
      out  dx,ax     ; 롨ࠥ ᪮ AH
      mov  bh,es:[di] ;  
      and  bh,ch     ;  
      shr  bh,cl     ; ᤢ 梥   0
      shl  bl,1      ; ᤢ ࠭ 梥
      or   bl,bh     ;   ⠭
      dec  ah        ; ᫥ ᪮
      jge  Read_Plane ;    ᪮⥩
      mov  al,bl
      xor  ah,ah     ; AX = 梥 ᥫ
      pop  es
      pop  dx
      pop  cx
      pop  bx
      pop  ax
      ret
 Get_Pixel endp

 


                            - 71 -

               E7.7. ᪨ ᨢ VGAF

       VGA (Video Graphics Array) ।⠢ ᮡ -
 襥  ࠧ⨥  EGA.    ᭮      ᮢ⨬  
 ஬ EGA, ⮬  ਢ ⮫쪮  ᭮ ⫨.

      1.  ᫨  EGA-ᯫ    ஢  室,   VGA - 
 ᯫ      室.  ⮬   ନ஢ 梥
 ᥫ   ⮢ ᪮⥩ 梥  ᫠    ᭮
 梥⮢ (᭮,    ᨭ),  ⥭ᨢ  
       ஢      ᨬ쭮
 祭.

      2. VGA   襥 ࠧ襭, 祬  EGA,  ।⠢
 짮⥫  ⥫ ०:

      640 x 480, 2 梥
      640 x 480, 16 梥⮢
      320 x 200, 256 梥⮢

        ०  640    480     ᪠ ࠭
 ࠧ஬  153600  .    ०  320    200    256  梥⠬
 ᯮ  ᪮쪮   ⮤ ନ஢  梥 ᥫ,
 祬  㣨 ०;   ⮣  ࠧ  4
 ࠭  ࠧ஬    16.     ०    ⮫쪮  
  ᯫ  ᯫ  ६ ⮩.

      3.     ᥫ VGA  ਭ 祭 25
  28  ( ⫨稥  14  16   EGA).

      4.  VGA   ⥫    3CCh, 騩
   ᮤন 楫  ॣ (.  ᠭ 
 3C2h   .  7.6). ᪨  樨 3CAh   3CCh, 騥 
 EGA,  VGA .

 


                            - 72 -

          E8. ஫ ⥫   ᪠F

             E8.1. ᭮ ᢥ  ஫F

      ࠢ        ᪠        PC-   
 ⢫   奬  8272     Intel,  믮饩
 㭪樨 ஫  ᪮ (Floppy Disk Controller, FDC).
 ଠ   ᪥ ࠭  ஦,  ஦ ࠧ 
 ᥪ.  ᨬ  ⨯  ᪮ ᫮ ஦  
 ஭ ᪥    ࠢ  40  80,  ᫮ ᥪ஢ 
 ஦   8   26. ஬ ⮣  ᪮,
 騥      ⥭/  (  ⮬  ஭
 ᪥   ᯮ). ஫ ࠢ  ᪮ 
 ᪥  ஬ 8,  5.25   3.5 ,  ন  
 ᪥ ⮤    , ணࠬ㥬  ᥪ஢ (128,
 256,  512   1024 ),  ᥪ   ⨤஦
 樨      ᪠,  樨  ᪠.  ६ 
  ஫    祭    ᪮
       ন   ⨯.        ᪮  
 ⢫      ᯮ짮  ,  ⠪    . 
 ᫥   砥  ᯮ   2  ⮤:     ﭨ
 ஫   १   ॣ      ᯮ짮  
 뢠  ஫.  FDC     뢠
 ஢ 6 (IRQ6), 易  ஬ 뢠 0Eh. ࠢ
 ஫஬     ⥫ﬨ  ⢫  १   3  
 -뢮.

 


                            - 73 -

      E8.2.  ஫ ⥫   ᪠F

      ਠ   ᫥饣 ࠧ  뢠
  ஫ 8272,  ⥬  ண 
               .  ⥫
  ஫ 82072   ᠭ, . .  ஫
   ন   뢠  ⥬  ,     
 ᠭ  㭪樨 ࠪ᪨   ᯮ   ⠭
 ।⢠.

      祭  ⮢ -뢮  ஫   ᪮
 ਢ  ⠡.

 Ŀ
                    祭                      
 Ĵ
                                                             
  3F2h     ।   ࠢ ० ࠡ
                 ஫  ⥫                   
                                                             
  3F4h  ⥭   ⥭ ॣ ﭨ ஫       
                                                             
  3F5h     ।   ࠢ ⥫ﬨ  
                                                             
  3F5h  ⥭   ⥭   ᪠  ० ࠡ       
                                                       
                                                             
  3F5h          ० ࠡ       
                                                       
                                                             
  3F5h  ⥭   ⥭  १⮢ 믮     
                  ०                                
 

         3F2h.

   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
 Ŀ
                              :
  
                     > 0-1: 롮 ⥫:
                                  00-
                                  01-ன
                                  10-⨩
                                  11-⢥
                  > 2: 0= ஫,
                                 1=ࠧ஢ ஫
               > 3: 1=ࠧ ࠡ   
                                  뢠 ஫
   > 4-7:  :
                                        0001 -  ⥫
                                        0010 - ன
                                        0100 - ⨩
                                        1000 - ⢥

 


                            - 74 -

        -   筮 ᪠   4,   ⮫쪮 2
 ⥫,  ᫥⢨ 祣  樨, ᯮ騥  ⨩ 
 ⢥ ⥫, .   2, ࠢ 0, ४頥
 믮 ⥪饩     뢮  . ᫨ 
  訫,  믮  뢠. ᫨  뫨 ⠭
 १ 믮 ,  ய. ᫨  稫
  ,   ய      .  
 砥 த ࠡ   ⮫쪮 ᫥ ⠭ ⮣
  ⭮  1.

       3F4h.
      १     ⢫ ⥭  ॣ ᭮
 ﭨ FDC.

   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
 Ŀ
                          :
  
               > 0-3: ⥫   ०
                                    ᪠:
                                   0001-, 0010-ன
                                   0100-⨩, 1000-⢥
            > 4: 0=஫ ᢮,
                                   1=஫  믮-
                                       ⥭ 
                                     
         > 5: ० ࠡ ஫:
                                    0= ᯮ짮 ,
                                    1= 
      > 6: ࠢ :
                                     0= --> ஫
                                     1=஫ --> 
   > 7: ⮢  :
                                      0= ⮢, 1=⮢

       7,  ࠢ 1,    ⮬,   ஫  
   ⮢   ਥ  ।   ,   
 묨   ०      ⮢   ਥ/। ।
  ,   ਥ १ 믮   ⮢ 
 । ।  १.

 


                            - 75 -

             E8.3.  ࠢ ⥫ﬨF

      믮    3 䠧:

      -䠧  ;
      -䠧 믮;
      -䠧 १.

        䠧      ஫  ⭮  ਭ  
  .    稢 ᪮ 
   ᮮ⢥饬  ⥫  (    ⭮   
  ०  ⥭ ﭨ).

       䠧 믮 ⢫   묨   
 ⥫ (᫨  ।  ⠪ ).  ० 
 ᯮ짮      ।   ਥ/।祩     
  ᨣ "   ". ஫  ⢥砥 
  ᨣ ⢥ত   ਥ/।.  ०
 ࠡ     ⮢   ਥ/।   
   뢠. ᫨  뢠 饭,  ਣࠬ
     横  ஢  ॣ  ﭨ  (  3F4h)  
 祭 ⢥ত ⮢ ஫   묨.

        砭 믮     뢠,
 饥 砫 䠧 १.   䠧 १ ஫
 ।  १  믮  .    १
       ⠭,      室   믮   
 ஫,   ᫥    㤥 ਭ.   
   䠧 १,   믮  2 䠧.

      E8.3.1. 祭  pp F

        ਢ   ஡  ᠭ     FDC.  
 믮  祭   "*   *   *".    ᨬ᪨
 祭 ⮢   ਢ ᫥  ᠭ . 
 ⮢ ᪠  㬥  ࠢ .  䠧 १
     १  ਢ    ⮩  ᫥⥫쭮, 
 ன   ஫஬.

 Ŀ
                              祭 
 Ĵ
  1. ⥭    MT  MF  SK  0   0   1   1   0       
         X   X   X   X   X   HD  US1 US0     -
                             C                    ᥪ 
                             H                               
                             R                               
                             N                               
                            EOT                              
                            GPL                       p                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
                             R                               
                             N                               
 Ĵ
  2. ⥭    MT  MF  SK  0   1   1   0   0       
  㤠    X   X   X   X   X   HD  US1 US0     -
                       C                   , -  
                             H                   祭  
                             R                   㤠   
                             N                               
                            EOT                              
                            GPL                              
                            DTL                              
                       *     *     *                         
                            ST0                              
                            ST1                              
                            ST2                              
                             C                               
                             H                               
                             R                               
                             N                               
 Ĵ
  3.     MT  MF  0   0   0   1   0   1     뢮 
         X   X   X   X   X   HD  US1 US0     - 
                             C                    ᥪ 
                             H                               
                             R                               
                             N                               
                            EOT                              
                            GPL                              
                            DTL                              
                       *     *     *                         
                            ST0                              
                            ST1                              
                            ST2                              
                             C                               
                             H                               
                             R                               
                             N                               
 Ĵ
  4.     MT  MF  0   0   1   0   0   1      -  
  㤠    X   X   X   X   X   HD  US1 US0   ᭮ -
                       C                    㤠-
                             H                     
                             R                   ᥭ   
                             N                   ᨬ-- 
                            EOT                  ⥫  
                            GPL                    
                            DTL                              
                       *     *     *                         
                            ST0                              
                            ST1                              
                            ST2                              
                             C                               
 


                            - 77 -

                             H                               
                             R                               
                             N                               
 Ĵ
  5. ⥭    0   MF  SK  0   0   0   1   0     ⥭ 
  ஦      X   X   X   X   X   HD  US1 US0    ᥪ- 
                             C                   ஢ ᥩ  
                             H                   ஦     
                             R                               
                             N                               
                            EOT                              
                            GPL                              
                            DTL                              
                       *     *     *                         
                            ST0                              
                            ST1                              
                            ST2                              
                             C                               
                             H                               
                             R                               
                             N                               

  믮     ࠬ "砫
   ᥪ"   "   ᫥ ᥪ",  ⠪  ⥭
 稭    ࢮ  祭  ᫥    ᥪ  
 ।  ⮫쪮  ᥪ஢,   ᪮쪮  뫮  襭.  ᫨
 襭   ᫮  ᥪ஢   (  ਭ  ଠ樨)
 , 祬  ᥪ஢   ஦, ।  
 砫 ࢮ ᥪ ஦.

 Ĵ
  6. ⥭    0   MF  0   0   1   0   1   0     ⥭ - 
  -    X   X   X   X   X   HD  US1 US0    - 
                 *     *     *             祭     
  ᥪ                   ST0                  䨪- 
                            ST1                   ᥪ࠳
                            ST2                              
                             C                               
                             H                               
                             R                               
                             N                               
 Ĵ
  7. ଠ-    0   MF  0   0   1   1   0   1         
  ஢    X   X   X   X   X   HD  US1 US0   ஦ -
  ஦                    N                   饩  
                             SC                  ଠ樨  
                            GPL                              
                             D                               
                       *     *     *                         
                            ST0                              
                            ST1                              
                            ST2                              
                             C                               
                             H                               
                             R                               
 


                            - 78 -

                             N                               

 ।    믮         ଠ஢    室
 ᯮ樮஢   ॡ㥬 ஦.   
  䨪    ᥪ  (樫,  ,  ஦ 
 ࠧ ᥪ)  ਭ     १     
 ஢.  ᪨ ࠧ  ᥪ । ࠬ஬
 "N" -    ᥪ,       
 ᥩ  ஦.   ࠧ        ஦
 ᥪ ࠧ .     થ  ਧ
 "㤠  ",       ᥪ஢  ஦
 ⮬-⥫.

 Ĵ
  8.-   MT  MF  SK  1   0   0   0   1     ஢-  
        X   X   X   X   X   HD  US1 US0      
  "ࠢ"                    C                    㪠-  
                             H                    ᫮ 
                             R                    ନ஢-
                             N                     
                            EOT                   뢠- 
                            GPL                    - 
                            STP                      
                       *     *     *             ᫮     
                            ST0                              
                      p                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
        X   X   X   X   X   HD  US1 US0   ।饩  
  "                    C                        
   ࠢ"                 H                               
                             R                               
                             N                               
                            EOT                              
                            GPL                              
                            STP                              
                       *     *     *                         
                            ST0                              
                            ST1                              
                            ST2                              
                             C                               
                             H                               
                             R                               
                             N                               
 Ĵ
 10.-   MT  MF  SK  1   1   1   0   1     筮  
        X   X   X   X   X   HD  US1 US0   ।饩  
  "                    C                        
   ࠢ"                 H                               
                             R                               
 


                            - 79 -

                             N                               
                            EOT                              
                            GPL                              
                            STP                              
                       *     *     *                         
                            ST0                              
                            ST1                              
                            ST2                              
                             C                               
                             H                               
                             R                               
                             N                               
 Ĵ
 11. -     0   0   0   0   0   1   1   1     ६饭 
  ஢                   0   US1 US0      
                       *     *     *             㫥     
                                                 ஦     
 Ĵ
 12. ।-   0   0   0   0   0   0   1   1          
          <--- SRT --->   <--- HUT --->     ०      
               <--------- HLT --------->   ND    ࠡ      
                                                 ᪮   
 Ĵ
 13.      0   0   0   0   1   1   1   1     樮-
                              HD  US1 US0    -
                            NCN                    -
                       *     *     *              ஦ 
 Ĵ
 14.⥭     0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0     ⥭ ⠳
  ﭨ            *     *     *             ﭨ   
  뢠                ST0                  ST0 ᫥   
                            PCN                  뢠, 
                                                 맢   
                                                   
                                                 ⮢  
                                                 ᪮   
                                                  樥 
                                                 ᪠      
 Ĵ
 15.⥭     0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0     ⥭ ⠳
  ﭨ                   HD  US1 US0   ﭨ   
                   *     *     *             ST3         
                            ST3                              
                                                             
 Ĵ
 16. -   < 訡   FDC>       訡- 
               *     *     *               
                     ST0                  頥
                                                 ST0=80h     
                                                             
 

      ᫮ 祭 ⮢ :

      =1 - ஦筠 (஭ );
 


                            - 80 -

      MF=1  -  -஢   (  ⭮)  -  ய
 ᨭநᮢ     ⮢   ய ᨭநᮢ 
 㫥 ⮢,  ᫥ ;

      SK=1 - ய ᭮ થ 㤠 ;

      HD -   (0  1);

      US1, US0 -  ⥫ (0 - 3);

       -  樫;

       -  ;

      R -  ᥪ;

      N -   ᥪ (0 - 128,  1 - 256, 2 - 512, 3 - 1024
 ⮢);

      EOT -  ᫥ ᥪ  樫;

      GPL -   ஬⪠  (筮 2Ah   
 50h  ଠ஢);

      DTL  - ᫮  뢠/뢠   (⢨⥫쭮
  N = 0);

      ST0 - ST3 -  ﭨ ST0-ST3;

      STP - ᥪ୮ ᬥ饭;

      SRT - ६ ᪮ 蠣  ᥪ㭤 (筮 0Dh);

      HUT -  ६ ࠧ㧪      16 ᥪ㭤
 (筮 = 0Fh);

      HLT -  ६ 㧪       2 ᥪ㭤
 (筮 = 1);

      ND=0 - ० ࠡ  ᯮ짮 , =1 - ० ࠡ
  ᯮ짮 ;

      NCN -  樫 ᫥ ᪠;

      PCN -  ⥪饣 樫;

      SC - ⢮ ᥪ஢  樫;

      D - ᨬ-⥫  ࠧ⪨ (筮 0F6h).

 


                            - 81 -

      E8.3.2.  ⮢ ﭨF

       ﭨ ST0:

   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
 Ŀ
                          :
  
                     > 0-1:  ⥫ (0 - 3)
                  > 2:  
               > 3:   ⮢  
            > 4:  "訡"  
                                ஦ 0   ᫥ 77
                                蠣 ४஢
         > 5:  ᪠ 襭
   > 6:  뢠:
                                   00-ଠ쭮 襭 
                                   01-ଠ쭮 襭
                                   10-⢨⥫쭠 
                                   11- 䠧 믮 -
                                       ⮢ ᪮

        2  (  )  ᫥  믮   ᪠
 ᥣ   ࠢ  0,   ᨬ     ⮣,       
 ⢫ .

        3 㤥  ᥣ ࠢ   1, ᫨   ᪮   
   ஡    ஭ 1 (⨬ ⮫쪮
 ஭ 0).

       ﭨ ST1:

   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
 Ŀ
     0        0           :
  
                          > 0: 1=  થ -
                                 䨪 ᥪ
                       > 1: 1=᪥ 饭 
                                
                    > 2: 1=᪮ ᥪ  
             > 4: 1=⠩ ᮢ 
                                    । 
          > 5: 1=訡 CRC   -
                                  䨪樨    
   > 7: 1= 樫 (⪠
                                   饭  ᥪ ᫥
                                   饭  ᫥ ᥪ
                                   ᫥ 樫)

 


                            - 82 -

       ﭨ ST2:

   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
 Ŀ
  0                       :
  
                         > 0: 1=  થ 
                                 㤠 
                      > 1: 1=ᡮ 樫
                   > 2: 1=᪠஢ 믮
                                  㤮⢮⥫쭮
                > 3: 1= ᪠஢ 믮-
                                    ᫮ "ࠢ"
             > 4: 1=  樫 
                                    䨪 ᥪ
          > 5: 1=訡 CRC   
       > 6: 1= 䨪 ᥪ
                                      㦥  થ
                                      㤠 

       ST3:

   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
 Ŀ
                          :
  
                     > 0-1:  ⥫
                  > 2:  
               > 3: 1=ᨣ "஭"
                                
            > 4: 1=ᨣ "஦ 0" 
                                
         > 5: 1=ᨣ "⮢" 
                                 
      > 6:1=ᨣ "  "
                                   
   > 7: 1=ᨣ "訡"  

 


                            - 83 -

                      E8.4. ଠ ஦F

      ஬  砫  ஦  㦨  ᭮  ⢥⨥.
     ஦  ⢫    ᪮쪮  ਥ.  
 ଠ஢ ஦ १뢠 .  
  १뢠  ⤥ ᥪ,     ᮡ
 ᡮ  祭  ᪠       뢠  ,  祬
 䨧᪠   ᥪ      १   ᥣ 筮
 ᮢ      ࠭  襣    ⮬  ᥪ,
 ࠧ        ⠢    4  -  5     
 १    ᪮    ६.   ᨭ஭樨
 ᫥ ᡮ  ஦    ᨭ஧.  饬 
 ଠ ஦  ࠧ ᫥騬 ࠧ:

 Ŀ
                                । 
                          ⢥⨥
                             
 Ĵ
                             
                    80  4Eh
                             
 Ĵ
                               12 ⮢ 00h, 3  0C2h,
       ஦        1  0FCh, 50 ⮢ 4Eh
                             
 Ĵ
                             
         1- ᥪ            574 
                             
 Ĵ
                             
   ᥪ ஬⮪     80  4Eh
                             
 Ĵ

   8  9 ᥪ஢  ஦

 Ĵ
                             
      ᫥ ᥪ         574 
                             
 Ĵ
                             
   ᥪ ஬⮪      80  4Eh
                             
 Ĵ
                             
         ஦            4Eh  ᭮
                                ⢥
 Ĵ
                             
                       
                             
 
 


                            - 84 -

         ଠ ᥪ:

 Ŀ
                             
    䨪 ᥪ       22 
                             
 Ĵ
                             
      䨪       22  4Eh
                             
 Ĵ
                             
                      530 
                             
 

         䨪 ᥪ:

 Ŀ
                              12 ⮢ 00, 3  0A1h
    થ 䨪     1  0FEh
                             
 Ĵ
                              6 ⮢: 樫, ,
 䨪  ᥪ࠳ ஦,   ᥪ
                               2  ஫쭮 㬬
 

          :

 Ŀ
                              12 ⮢ 00, 3  0A1h,
       થ           1  0FXh (=8 - 㤠
                              , 0Bh - ⢨⥫
 Ĵ )
                             
                    512 
                             
 Ĵ
                             
    ஫쭠 㬬     2 
                       
 

 


                            - 85 -

         E8.5. ⫨ ஫  - F

      ⥪  -    ⫨砥     ⥬, 
 ஫  ᪮ 室     ஫஬
 ⪨   ᪮.      ⥫     ⭮
  ॣ㫨஢ ᪮   묨  
 祭    ஫஢        ( ⮬ 砥
   ⮢  3F2h  -  3F7h  ᯮ   372h - 377h).
 㭪樨   ஫      ᪮      -  
 믮  奬 82072   Intel  (ᮢ᪨ 
 ).  ⥫쭮   ᠭ   ⠬    
   3F7h,  騩  ⢨     ॣ 롮
 ᪮  묨 (Data Rate Select Register, DSR).

       3F7h.

   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
 Ŀ
                          :
  
                     > 0-1: 롮 ᪮ 
            > 2-4: 롮 ६
                                     ।樨
         > 5: 1=ࠧ 譨
                                  䨫 
      > 6: 1=⪫ ⠭
                                     ᪮
   > 7: 1=ணࠬ 
                                      ஫

       ᪮  묨   ᨬ  ⮢ 0
 - 1 DSR ਢ  ⠡.

 Ŀ
                                  
 Ĵ
     1        0                        
 Ĵ
     1        1      1 /ᥪ   
     0        0     500 /ᥪ250 /ᥪ
     0        1     300 /ᥪ150 /ᥪ
     1        0     250 /ᥪ125 /ᥪ
 

        ᨬ   祭 ⮢   2, 3   4  DSR 
 ᫥騥 祭 ६ ।樨:

 


                            - 86 -

 Ŀ
                            ६         
      4     3     2         ।樨   
 Ĵ
      1     1     1        ⨬       
                                    
      0     0     1           41.67         
                                              
      0     1     0           83.34         
                                              
      0     1     1           125.00        
                                              
      1     0     0           166.00        
                                              
      1     0     1           208.33        
                                              
      1     1     0           250.00        
                                              
      0     0     0         祭     
                             㬮砭      
 

      祭     㬮砭     ६   ।樨  
 ᨬ  ᪮ ਢ  ⠡.

 Ŀ
                        ६         
                      ।樨   
 Ĵ
     1 /ᥪ               41.67         
    500 /ᥪ             125.00         
    300 /ᥪ             125.00         
    250 /ᥪ             125.00         
 

      ஬  ⭠ ᠭ     ஫ 8272,
 82072 ন  4 :

      -  ࠬ 䨣樨;
      - 祭/몫祭 ;
      - ⭮⥫ ;
      -  ﭨ ॣ஢ ஫.

      ᠭ  ਢ  ⠡.

 


                            - 87 -

 Ŀ
                               祭   
 Ĵ
  1.     0   0   0   1   0   0   1   1   -
  ࠬ     HDSA <- MOFF->   <--- MON --->  㪠륳
  䨣樨   0  EIS  EF POLL <- FIFOTHR -> ࠬ     
                 <--------- PRETRK ---------->               
                         *     *     *                       
 Ĵ
  2.祭/   ON/OFF US1 US0  0  1  0  1  1  砥/    
  몫祭                                   몫砥 - 
                                           - 
                                                ᪮ 
 Ĵ
  3. ⭮⥫- 1  DIR  0   0   1   1   1   1  ⢫-
         0   0   0   0   0  HD US1 US0  ᤢ -
                 <----------- RCN ----------->   
                         *     *     *         ࠢ 
                                                ᫮
                                               樫஢     
 Ĵ
  4.      0   0   0   0   1   1   1   0  頥   
  ﭨ              *     *     *          ﭨ    
  ॣ஢      <---- PCN-- 0 -------->  ७   
                 <---- PCN-- 1 -------->  ॣ஢    
                 <---- PCN-- 2 -------->  ஫  
                 <---- PCN-- 3 -------->               
                 <--- SRT --->   <--- HUT --->               
                 <--------- HLT --------->  ND               
                 <--------- SC/EOT ---------->               
                HDSA <- MOFF ->  <--- MON --->               
                 <--------- PRETRK ---------->               
                 0 EIS EF POLL   <- FIFOTHR ->               
                                                             
 

       ⠡ ਭ ᫥騥 ᮪饭:

      US1, US0 -  ன⢠;

      DIR - ࠢ  (0-㢥祭, 1-㬥襭);

      HD -   ⥭/;

      RCN - ⭮⥫  樫;

      PCN - ⥪騩  樫;

      SRT - ६ ᪮ 蠣;

      HUT -६ ࠧ㧪 ;

      HLT - ६ 㧪 ;

      ND - ०  ;
 


                            - 88 -

      SC/EOT - ᫮ ᥪ஢  ஦/ ᫥ ᥪ
  ஦;

      ON/OFF - 祭/몫祭  (0/1);

      MON - প । 祭 ;

      MOFF - প । 몫祭 ;

      EIS   =   1   -   ࠧ   ⮬᪨     ।
 ⥭/ ,  㬮砭 = 0;

      EF = 1 - ॢ ஫  ० 樨 8272;

      POLL = 1 - 頥 饭  ன⢠;

      HDSA  =  1  -       ६  প  
 ᨬ  ᪮ 饭 ᪮;

      PRETRK -  ஦  ।樨 (筮 = 0).

 


                            - 89 -

          E9. ஫ ⥫  ⪨ ᪠F

           ࠧ   뢠  ࠢ  ஫஬
 ⥫    ⪨     ᪠  ⨯  "".
 ਠ   ࠧ   ࠭      ᭮     孨᪮
 㬥樨  ணࠬ ᯥ祭  ⪨ ᪮ 
 Seagate,        ⮬,      ⥫
 ⫨   ࠢ  ᪠, ᪠묨  㣨 ଠ, 
 騩      .    裡   ⥬,  ࠢ
 ⪨   ᪠          -    ਭ樯쭮
 ⫨砥,  ᠭ      ஫஢ ਢ  ⤥쭮
   㣠.

         ଠ樨,  祭       ணࠬ
 ᯥ祭,        .    ଠ
 祭  窮 (*)    ⭮  ப    
  ࠧ.

 


                            - 90 -

      E9.1. ஫ ⪨ ᪮  - F

      ⥪ -  ᪠ 祭  
 ஫      ⥫.      ⪨  ᪠
 ந   ᯮ짮  쥣   . ஫
     뢠  5-  ஢  (IRQ5), 
 뢠 0Dh.    ᪮ ⢫  ᯮ짮
 ⤥쭮  ,  ᮤঠ饣  楤  ࠢ ᪮, 
   ࠪ୮  ᮡ  -  . 筮 
 ⢥ ᥣ⭮   ᯮ 0C800h,  
  㣨 祭  (0CA00h, 0D000h  0D800h   ᪮ ST-251
    ST-225      Seagate).      16  ᮢ  ⮢
 -뢮,  ।祭    ࠢ  ஫஬  
 ⥫ﬨ (320h-32Fh),   ॠ쭮 ᯮ  ⮫쪮 4
  , ਬ 320h-323h,  324h-327h, 328h-32Bh  32Ch-32Fh.
 祭 ⮢ (1-,  2-, 3-  4-    㯯)  
  , ⮬   ᠭ ⮫쪮  320h-323h.

      E9.1.1.  -뢮F

      祭  ⮢ ஫  ⪨ ᪮  ਢ 
 ⠡.

 Ŀ
                祭                          
 Ĵ
  320h    ।   ࠢ ⥫ﬨ   
                                                             
  320h  ⥭  ⥭ ࠬ஢ ﭨ ᫥ 訡,    
                   믮 ᫥    
                                                      
                                                             
  321h     ஫                            
                                                             
  321h  ⥭  ⥭ ﭨ ஫                 
                                                             
  322h    ஢ (롮) ஫            
                                                             
  322h  ⥭  ⥭ ⨯ ⥫                       
                                                             
  323h    ⠭ ० ࠡ ஫          
                                                             
 

       320h.
      १   ஫  ਭ   ࠢ
 ⥫ﬨ.    ᮤন      ⮢  ଠ樨,
     ।     ,   ⠫
 ᮤঠ  ॡ㥬     믮     ࠬ.  
  訡    믮  ( 1 
 321h)  ᫥      320h   " ﭨ",
 ᫥  祣        4    ﭨ,  
  ।  訡.

 


                            - 91 -

       321h.
         㫥            뢠   
 ஫.  ⥭ ﭨ ஫  ᫥騥
 祭 ⮢:

   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
 Ŀ
  X  X     X              :
  
                     > 0,2,3: 11=⮢  ਥ
                                         । 
                                         
                                      01= ਭ
                                         
                  >       111=⮢  ਥ
                                             
                          > 1: 1=訡
           > 5:  ⥫ (0-1)

       2, ࠢ  1,   ⮬ 0,  ࠢ 1, 㪠뢠 
 ,  ஫ ⮢  ਥ ।  . ᫨
  室  ।      2  =  0,      0  = 1, 
 ஫ ⠥,    ਭ       
   ⮢ .

        3,  ࠢ  1,      ⠬  0    1, ࠢ묨 1,
 㪠뢠      ⮢   ।     ﭨ  
 믮  " ﭨ". ᫨ ⠭  1 
 0,  2   3 -   砥,   ஫  ᢮   ⮢ 
 ਥ ࢮ   .

       322h.
      뢮   ந쭮            ࠧ
 ஫.     ࠧ஢   (롮,  ⨢樨)
 ஫  (enable controller)   믮   ࠧ
 । 砫 뢮 १  320h  .

       ⥭   322h   ⠭  0FFh, 
    ଠ樨,   ⨯ ⥫ (ਬ⥫쭮
   ᨨ ).

   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
 Ŀ
                          :
  
                        
         > 0,1,4,5: 1111= ⥫
                                让 ,  - ⨯
                                ண ⥫
   > 2,3,6,7: ⨯ ࢮ ⥫

      ᫨ ⨯ ண ⥫ ( 5,  4, 1  0) ࠢ 1111,
   砥,      ஫  祭    ⥫
 让   (  32 ),     ଠ஢
 ᫥ ࠧ   ᪮쪮 ᪨  ᪮ (, 
 


                            - 92 -

 ⠭   ࠧ  (Split switch)).  ⠭⭮  XT
    Seagate     ࠡ     ᫥騬  15-  ⨯
 ⥫ (  0 - 14),  ਢ묨  ⠡.   15
 (।  ⨯)  ⬥    ⥫,  ⫨ 
 ࠬࠬ  ᠭ.

 Ŀ
 ଠ ⮢⥫   ᪠ C   H  R  B  V  
 Ĵ
  0  Seagate ST-225                  615  4  17 0 21.4
 Ĵ
  1  Seagate ST-4038                 733  5  17 2 31.9
 Ĵ
  2  Miniscribe-3425                 615  4  17 0 21.4
 Ĵ
  3  Seagate ST-212                  306  4  17 0 10.6
 Ĵ
  4  Priam V-150                     987  5  17 0 42.9
 Ĵ
  5  Priam V-170                     987  7  17 0 60.1
 Ĵ
  6  Miniscribe-8425,Kyocera 20A/20B 615  4  17 0 21.4
 Ĵ
  7  Seagate ST-138                  615  6  17 0 32.1
 Ĵ
  8  Seagate ST-4051                 977  5  17 2 42.5
 Ĵ
  9  Seagate ST-251/ST-251-1         820  6  17 0 42.8
 Ĵ
  10 HH-725                          612  4  17 0 21.3
 Ĵ
  11 Seagate ST-4053,                1024 5  17 0 44.5
     Miniscribe-3053/6053                             
 Ĵ
  12 Maxtor-1085, Newbury Data-1085  1024 8  17 0 71.3
     Miniscribe-6085                                  
 Ĵ
  13 Seagate ST-4096                 1024 9  17 0 80.2
 Ĵ
  14 Maxtor-1140,Newbury Data-1140   396  15 17 0 51.7
 

  
      C-᫮ 樫஢ (筮);
      H-᫮  (筮);
      R-᫮ ᥪ஢  ஦ (筮);
      B-⠭ ࠢ騩  (⭠);
      V- ᪠ ().

 


                            - 93 -

       323h.

   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
 Ŀ
      ᯮ           :
  
                              > 0: 1=ࠧ ࠡ  
                                       0= ᯮ짮 
                           > 1: 1=ࠧ 
                                     뢠  ஫
                                     (IRQ5)

      ⠭  ०   ࠡ  ந  筮     ࠧ-
 ஢ ஫ । 砫 뢮 .

      E9.1.2. 騩 ଠ   ନF

        ஫      1 -  6 . 騩
 ଠ  ਢ  㭪.

 Ŀ
  \                                         
    \     7    6    5    4    3    2    1    0  
 \                                         
 Ĵ
    0                樨          
 Ĵ
    1     0    0                       
 Ĵ
                                               
    2    (訥            ᥪ             
         )                                        
 Ĵ
    3             ( 訥  )              
 Ĵ
    4      ।  ᫮ ᥪ஢        
                  (  )                 
 Ĵ
    5              ࠢ騩                     
 

        :

      -          樨  ।  
 ஫;

      -  -  ன⢠ (0/1);

      -  ᥪ -  砫쭮 ᥪ  ;

      -  䠪  ।  (Interleave  Factor)   ᫥-
 ⥫쭮  ।  ᥪ஢     ஦  (.  ଠ
 ஦);

      - ࠢ騩 :
 


                            - 94 -

   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
 Ŀ
        X   X   X           :
  
                     > 0-2: ਮ ᮢ ᨣ
                                      "蠣"
      > 6: 1= ୮ -
                                     뢠  訡 .
                                     㬬
   > 7: 1=  
                                         訡.

       7,  ࠢ 1, ࠧ蠥  ⮫쪮    㯠 
    믮  (  ࠧ襭 4 ⪨),  
 ஢  ⥫      ࠢ  1,  ଠ쭮
 ࠡ   ࠢ 0.

        6, ࠢ  1, 頥  ୮ 뢠 ᥪ஢
     訡  ஫쭮  㬬  ᫥ ࢮ ⪨
 뢠,  ᫨     6  ࠢ  0   -  ࠧ蠥  ୮
 뢠 , ᫨ ୮ 뢠 ᯥ譮 - ਧ 訡
  ⠭, 筮 ࠢ 0.

        0 -  2 ।  ⨯ ⥫   롨 ਮ
 ᮢ ᨣ "蠣":

      祭  100 --> 200 ᥪ㭤;
                101 -->  70 ᥪ㭤;
                110  111 --> 3 ᥪ㭤;

      ⠫   ਠ   㪠뢠      ।  ⨯
 ⥫  । ਮ  3 ᥪ㭤.

        ᠭ    ᯮ짮  ᫥騥 ᮪饭 
 祭:

      0  1 -  祭 ⮢;
       -   ᯮ;
       -  ன⢠ (0/1);
        -   ᯮ짮       ⮪  饭  
 ⥫ ( 7 ࠢ饣 );
        -   ᯮ짮    ୮   뢠  (  6
 ࠢ饣 );
        -  ᯮ짮      ਮ筮  ᮢ
 ᨣ "蠣";
       - 訥 2   樫;
       - 訥 8   樫;
       -   (5 );
       -  砫쭮 ᥪ (6 );
       - 䠪 । (5 );
       - ᫮ ᥪ஢ (8 ).

 


                            - 95 -

       E9.1.3. ᠭ F

 --> ஢ઠ ⮢ ⥫ ( 0,  0).

        롨ࠥ     ⥫    ஢  
 ⮢.

         Ŀ
       0  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0                   
         

 --> ஢ ( 0,  1).

        ⠭   ⥭/   ࠭
 ⥫  㫥 樫.

         Ŀ
       0  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0                   
         Ĵ
       2                        
         Ĵ
       3                        
         Ĵ
       4                        
         Ĵ
       5     0   0   0   0          
         

 -->  ﭨ ( 0,  3).

         ।⢥  ᫥ 㦥 訡
 (  1   321h).       2    뢠
 ।  ஫஬   ⮢ १,  ।
 ࠬ 襩 訡.

      ଠ :

         Ŀ
      0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1   1 
         Ĵ
      1   0   0                   
         

 


                            - 96 -

         ଠ १:

         Ŀ
      0             ﭨ       
         Ĵ
      1   0   0      <------  ------>
         Ĵ
      2        <--------  -------->
         Ĵ
      3  <------------  ------------>
         

      ଠ  ﭨ:

   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
 Ŀ
     0                    :
 
                         
                > 0-3:  訡
             
          > 4-5: ⨯ 訡
   
   > 7: 1= 믮 
                                         ந諮 饭
                                          ⥫

       7  ﭨ ࠢ  1, ᫨  믮 
 ந諮  饭   ⥫,   ⮬ 砥   1  - 3
 १ ᮤঠ ४  ଠ,   ଠ
 ४⭠.

         ᠭ  訡 ਢ  ⠡.

 


                            - 97 -

 Ŀ
                                                       
 訡訡                祭                        
 Ĵ
   00   0000   訡 (ଠ쭮 襭 )     
   00   0001   ᨣ   ""                  
   00   0010   ᨣ   " 祭"          
   00   0011   "訡 "                         
   00   0100  ⥫  ⢥砥 ᨣ ⮢     
              ᫥ ࠧ஢                            
   00   0101   ᯮ                                
   00   0110   ᨣ "஦ 0"                        
   00   0111   ᯮ                                
   00   1000   믮  "஢ઠ ⮢    
              ⥫" ⥫ 室  ﭨ   
              ᪠                                         
 Ĵ
   01   0000  訡  뢠  䨪樨       
   01   0001  ࠢ 訡 ⥭                     
   01   0010   થ  㦥                   
   01   0011   ᯮ                                
   01   0100                                   
   01   0101  訡 ᪠                                  
   01   0110   ᯮ                                
   01   0111   ᠭ                                      
   01   1000  ࠢ 訡                            
   01   1001  㦥 䫠 "䥪⭠ ஦"             
 Ĵ
   10   0000  ୠ                                
   10   0001   ᪨  ⥫           
 Ĵ
   11   0000  ᯥ譮 祭  "⨪        
              ७  ஫"                   
   11   0001  ᯥ譮 祭 ⨪             
              ஫                                    
   11   0010  ᯥ譮 祭           
              ४樨 訡 (ECC)                         
 

 --> ଠ஢ ⥫ ( 0,  4).

        ଠ   樫, 稭    
    ⥫   ᯮ       祭   䠪
 ।.     ଠ஢   १뢠    
 䨪樨,    ⠬-⥫ﬨ.

 


                            - 98 -

         Ŀ
       0  0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0     <-------  ------>
         Ĵ
       2       0   0   0   0   0   0 
         Ĵ
       3 <-----------  ------------->
         Ĵ
       4  0   0   0  <------  ------->
         Ĵ
       5     0   0   0   0          
         

 --> ஢ઠ ᥪ஢ ( 0,  5).

       ஢   뢠  ᥪ஢
  ᪠  ।  ᮤন   .

         Ŀ
       0  0   0   0   0   0   1   0   1 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0     <-------  ------>
         Ĵ
       2      <---------  -------->
         Ĵ
       3 <-----------  ------------->
         Ĵ
       4 <------------  ------------->
         Ĵ
       5       0   0   0          
         

 --> ଠ஢ ஦ ( 0,  6).

       ଠ    ஦.   ⠫쭮 
 ⢨ 筮  "ଠ஢ ⥫".

         Ŀ
       0  0   0   0   0   0   1   1   0 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0     <-------  ------>
         Ĵ
       2       0   0   0   0   0   0 
         Ĵ
       3 <-----------  ------------->
         Ĵ
       4  0   0   0  <------  ------->
         Ĵ
       5     0   0   0   0          
         

 --> ଠ஢ 䥪⭮ ஦ ( 0,  7).

        ଠ      ஦, ⠭
 


                            - 99 -

 䫠  "䥪⭠   ஦"    ⮢   ᥪ஢.  
 ଠ     뢠.

         Ŀ
       0  0   0   0   0   0   1   1   1 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0     <-------  ------>
         Ĵ
       2       0   0   0   0   0   0 
         Ĵ
       3 <-----------  ------------->
         Ĵ
       4  0   0   0  <------  ------->
         Ĵ
       5     0   0   0   0          
         

 --> ⥭ ᥪ஢ ( 0,  8).

        뢠  襭  ᫮  ᥪ஢  稭 
 .  ᥪ  室   ஦.

         Ŀ
       0  0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0     <-------  ------>
         Ĵ
       2      <---------  -------->
         Ĵ
       3 <-----------  ------------->
         Ĵ
       4 <------------  ------------->
         Ĵ
       5       0   0   0          
         

 -->  ᥪ஢ ( 0,  0Ah).(*)

        뢠         ࠬ஢  ᫮
 ᥪ஢   , 稭  㪠  砫쭮 ᥪ. 
 뢠 ᥪ  室   ஦.

         Ŀ
       0  0   0   0   0   1   0   1   0 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0     <-------  ------>
         Ĵ
       2      <---------  -------->
         Ĵ
       3 <-----------  ------------->
         Ĵ
       4 <------------  ------------->
         Ĵ
       5       0   0   0          
         
 


                            - 100 -

 -->  樫   ( 0,  0Ch).(*)

       ⢫ 樮஢  ⥫ 
  樫.

         Ŀ
       0  0   0   0   0   1   1   0   0 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0     <-------  ------>
         Ĵ
       2                       
         Ĵ
       3 <-----------  ------------->
         Ĵ
       4                        
         Ĵ
       5     0   0   0   0          
         

 --> ⥭ ७  ஫ ( 0,  0Eh).(*)

        뢠 ᮤন  ७   ஫
 (512   ).         ᯮ   ஫஬   
 ⥭/   ᮤন  ଠ, ⠭/ᠭ  
 믮 ᫥  ⥭/ ᥪ஢.

         Ŀ
       0  0   0   0   0   1   1   1   0 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0                   
         Ĵ
       2                        
         Ĵ
       3                        
         Ĵ
       4                        
         Ĵ
       5                        
         

 -->  ७  ஫ ( 0,  0Fh).(*)

        ᮤন ७  ஫.

 


                            - 101 -

         Ŀ
       0  0   0   0   0   1   1   1   1 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0                   
         Ĵ
       2                        
         Ĵ
       3                        
         Ĵ
       4                        
         Ĵ
       5                        
         

 -->⨪ ७  ஫ ( 7, 0).(*)

        ஢  ࠢ쭮   ࠡ  ७  
 ஫.   砥  訡   訡   ⨯ 3 
  0.

         Ŀ
       0  1   1   1   0   0   0   0   0 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0                   
         Ĵ
       2                        
         Ĵ
       3                        
         Ĵ
       4                        
         Ĵ
       5                        
         

 -->  ன⢠ ( 7,  3).

       ஢ ﭨ  ࠡᯮᮡ ⥫.

         Ŀ
       0  1   1   1   0   0   0   1   1 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0                   
         Ĵ
       2                        
         Ĵ
       3                        
         Ĵ
       4                        
         Ĵ
       5                        
         

 --> ७  ஫ ( 0,  4).

         ஢   㭪樮஢   ⠢   ⥩
 


                            - 102 -

 ஫: ய, ,   奬 ४樨 訡.

         Ŀ
       0  1   1   1   0   0   1   0   0 
         

 --> 뢠  ஫ ( 7,  5).

        믮  뢠      ᥪ
       ஫쭮  㬬.  ࠬ  "᫮ ᥪ஢"
 .    㦥  訡  ஫쭮  㬬 䫠
 訡  ⠢  ४  ந.

         Ŀ
       0  1   1   1   0   0   1   0   1 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0     <-------  ------>
         Ĵ
       2      <---------  -------->
         Ĵ
       3 <-----------  ------------->
         Ĵ
       4 <------------  ------------->
         Ĵ
       5     0   0   0   0          
         

 -->   ஫ ( 7,  6).

       믮       ᥪ  
 ஫쭮   㬬,     ⮬     ४樨  訡  
 ᯮ. ࠬ "᫮ ᥪ஢"  ᯮ.

         Ŀ
       0  1   1   1   0   0   1   1   0 
         Ĵ
       1  0   0     <-------  ------>
         Ĵ
       2      <---------  -------->
         Ĵ
       3 <-----------  ------------->
         Ĵ
       4 <------------  ------------->
         Ĵ
       5     0   0   0   0          
         

      E9.1.4. ⪠ ᪠F

         ⪨   뢠   ᥪ.  
 ᯮ    ஦.   㬥  ஦  稭  
 譥  ஭  ⨭  (⠬  ᯮ  㫥 ஦).
 ⢮ ⨭ (᪮)  , ⠪    ᨬ쭮
 ᫮  ஦,      쭮 ப । 
   ⨯ ⭮ ⥫.
 


                            - 103 -

      ஦ 筮 ᮤন   8  26 ᥪ஢    
 ⭮  ⥫  ᫮  ᥪ஢    ஦ ﭭ.
 砫   ஦   ।   ᨣ   "",   
  ⥫    ᪠.  ᫥
  ᥪ  ஦. ன ᥪ 㤥    ࢮ
  ᫮ ᥪ஢, ࠢ  祭 䠪 ।  1,
 ⨩     ⮫쪮    .  .   ࠧ   䠪
 । ࠢ   3, ᥪ   17-ᥪ୮  ஦  
 ᯮ ᫥騬 ࠧ:

 Ŀ
  1 7132 8 143 9 154 1016 51117 612
 Ĵ
           䠪                                
          -                                
 <--<------>                     --> 

      ଠ ᥪ ਢ  ⠡.

 Ŀ
 祭             祭                     
                                                       ()
 Ĵ
            થ                             4   
   1      ࢠ                                   9-12 
 Ĵ
                    䨪樨:                       
   1     ஡                                  1   
   2      ࢠ                                    2   
            ࠢ                          1   
          訩   樫                1   
          訩   樫                1   
                                          1   
          ᥪ                               1   
                                         1   
         㫥                                 1   
   1       ஫쭠 㬬  䨪樨        4   
 Ĵ
   3      ࢠ                                    16  
 Ĵ
                    :                           
   2     ஡                                  1   
   4      ࢠ                                    2   
                                         512 
   2       ஫쭠 㬬                 4   
 Ĵ
   5      ࢠ                                    43  
 

      砫   ᥪ   砥         㭨쭮
 樨,  뢠     થ஬.    ࢠ,
 祭   ⠡ 1 - 5,   ﬨ, 祬
  2   4 ﭭ   ࠢ 2  ⠬,    ६ 
 1, 3  5   ࠧ ,  ⫨
    祭,  ਢ     ⠡.        ࢠ
 


                            - 104 -

 ।祭   ⮢  ⥫   뢠 ()
 ᫥饩    ,   ࠧ稥     ⥬,
      થ,     䨪樨       
 뢠   ࠧ ६   ࠭ 襩 ଠ樨,
      ᯥ稢   筮  ᮢ   䨧᪮  
 ᠭ     ࠭  襩   ⮬   .
 ⫨     ⠢ ᪮쪮 , 祬 
 稥   ᫥  ᫥   ࢠ  ᨭ஡,   饣
 ।  ⨭  砫   ࠭      ࠢ쭮
 㯯஢   ᫥騥     ⠬.    
 ﭭ  祭       ᥪ஢    ᯮ  
 ஢ન  ࠢ쭮 뢠   䨪樨.  
   ᮤন   㦥  ଠ,     ⭮  ⬥砥
 䥪⭮ ᥪ, ᫨   ਣ  . ஫
 㬬 㦠  ஢ન  ࠢ쭮 뢠 ଠ樨 
   䨪樨        ᯥ樠
 ஬  ४樨 訡  (Error Correction Code, ECC)
  ந騬  32- ⥯.

 


                            - 105 -

      E9.2. ஫ ⪨ ᪮  - F

      IBM PC  AT ⫨砥    ।   IBM PC 
 ᮢ⨬   ᫥饬:

      -  ⠭ BIOS  ᯥ稢   ࠡ  
 ⥫ﬨ  , ⠪   ⥫ﬨ  ⪨ ᪠;

      - ஫ ⪨    ᪮ ᯮ  
 ;

      -   ⮢  -뢮, ।祭   ࠢ-
  ⪨  ᪮,  祭  ⮢  ⫨
  - .

        祭       ⪨  ᪮.
      ᢮   ⮢ (1F0h-1F7h   ࢮ 
 170h-177h  ண).    ᠭ  ⮫쪮 ࢮ
 ᪠. 祭 ⮢ ண ᪠ 筮 ࢮ.

      E9.2.1. ᠭ ⮢ -뢮F

       1F0h
      ।祭         묨      ७  
 ஫,  騬 ஬    ⨢
    ⥫.

       1F1h.
        ⥭ १         ଠ 
 ᫥ 襩 訡:

   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
 Ŀ
        0     0           :
  
                          >0: 1= થ   
                                  
                       >1: 1=訡  㫥  ஦
                    >2: 1=믮  ४-
                                  饭  ணࠬ,  
                                   訫
             >4: 1=䨪  ᥪ  
                                   
      >6: 1=ࠢ 訡  -
                                    ,  訡   ஫쭮
                                    㬬
   >7: 1=䥪 ᥪ

       1F2h.
      ⥭/ ᫠ ᥪ஢  ᫥饩 樨.

       1F3h.
      ⥭/  ࠬ  "  ᥪ"   ᫥饩
 樨.

 


                            - 106 -

       1F4h.
      ⥭/  ⮢  樫  ᫥饩
 樨  ( 0  - 1  -    8  - 9   10-⮢  
 樫).

       1F5h.
      ⥭/    쬨  ⮢    樫 
 ᫥饩 樨.

       1F6h.
      ⥭/   ன⢠     ᫥饩
 樨.

       1F7h ().
      뢮   ࠢ ⥫.

       1F7h (⥭).
      ⥭   ﭨ  ⥫     १⮢  ।饩
 :

   7   6   5   4   3   2   1   0
 Ŀ
                          :
  
                        >0: 1=।   -
                              訫  訡
                     >1: 1=ᨣ ""
                  >2: 1=  믮 -
                                 樨 뫨 ᪮-
                                ४஢      
                                ⬠ ECC
               >3: 1=   묨
            >4: 1= 襭
         >5: 1=訡 
      >6: 1=ன⢮ ⮢  -
                                    ,   ᪠
   >7: 1=ன⢮  믮-
                                         ( ⠫
                                           ᫮
                                     㧪)

      E9.2.2. ⥬ F

                 1F7h   ᫥  ⮣,  
 ⮢   ࠬ      1F2h -  1F6h. 믮
   稭  ࠧ  ᫥  ᥭ      1F7h 
 .    ⮨      .  訥  4  
 ᮤঠ    ॡ㥬  樨,  訥 ᮤঠ ࠬ.
 祭     묨 祭ﬨ  ࠬ஢ ਢ 
 ⠡.

 


                            - 107 -

 Ŀ
           祭                 ࠬ           
 樨                                                    
 Ĵ
    1     ஢ (   ਮ ᮢ ᨣ    
            樫 0)  "蠣"                       
 Ĵ
    2     ⥭ ᥪ஢        , ।騥 室-
 Ĵ   饭   
    3      ᥪ஢            ⮪ 
 Ĵ 뢠  訡      
    4     ஢ઠ ᥪ஢      ஫쭮 㬬           
 Ĵ
    5     ଠ஢ ஦ ࠬ = 0                
 Ĵ
    7      樫         ਮ ᮢ ᨣ    
                                 "蠣"                       
 Ĵ
    9     ⨪            ࠬ = 0                
         Ĵ
          ⠭ ࠬ஢   ࠬ = 1                
          ⥫ (ᨬ-                             
           ᫮                                  
          ᥪ஢)                                          
 

 


                            - 108 -

                   E10. 饥 ன⢮F

      ன⢮     IBM   PC-  ஢  筮
 砥     ࠫ쭮   䥩.     祭
 ᯮ ⠭ ࠧꥬ Centronix, 騩 36 ⠪
 室 (⢥  -). ᪠   ਠ
 祭 ਭ஢  :

      -    ਭ    室        
 ஬  ஬  ᯫ,    ⮬  ᯮ 
 3BCh - 3BEh;

      -        祭    ⤥   
 ࠢ  ਭࠬ, ᯮ騥   378h  - 37Ah (
 )  278h - 27Ah (ன ).

        ணࠬ஢ ਭ      
   -뢮  (ࢮ      );   
 ⮢ ࠭     BIOS,  稭   0:408h
 (LPT1)    ᫮   ਭ  LPT4. 쭥襥 ᠭ
 ।,    ਭ ࠢ 378h.

       ᠭ
 
  378h        -  뫠 , 뫠-
                    
         ⥭     -   ᫥
                  , । ਭ

  379h   ⥭    ﭨ ਭ:

  7  6  5  4  3  2 1 0
 Ŀ
           XXX :
  
          > 3: 0=   訡
        > 4: 0=ਭ  ⮭ ०
      > 5: 1=ᨣ " 㬠"
    > 6: 0=ਭ ⮢  
                              ᫥饣 ᨬ
  > 7: 0=ਭ , 室 
                             ⮭ ० 
                             ந諠 訡

 


                            - 109 -

  37Ah   ⥭/   ࠢ ਭ஬:
         

  7 6 5 4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 XXX           :
  
                > 0:  ᪠  (. )
              > 1: 1=᫥  ⪨ 뢮
                           ॢ ப ( MS-DOS 
                            襭)
            > 2: 1=樠஢ ਭ
          > 3: 1=ࠧ 뢮   (
                               ᥣ ⠭)
        > 4: 1=ࠧ 뢠  ਭ
 

      ਬ砭.
      1.    ᪠    ᨬ  㦭   ⪮ ६
 ⠭  0 ॣ ࠢ,  ⥬  .

      2.  뢠 ந室   砭  뢮 ᨬ  
 :    ࢮ  ਭ   ᥤ쬮 ஢   ஫
 뢠 (IRQ7,  뢠 0Fh),  ண ਭ -
  ⮬ ஢  (IRQ5,  0Dh).  ⬥ ⠪, 
 IRQ5 ᯮ  XT-஫஬ ⪨ ᪮   樨
 ᢮    뢠.   筮              ᯮ
 (뢠),   ஢ઠ ⮢ ਭ  ந 
 ᭮  ॣ ﭨ.

      筠 ᫥⥫쭮  ⢨  뢮   
  ᨬ ⠪:

      - 뢥 ।   ॣ ;

      -  横 ஢ ﭨ  ਭ  a  7
 ॣ ﭨ (  ᯮ짮 ⠩);

      - ஢  3-5 ॣ ﭨ  稥 訡;

      -  ⠭    ࠧ      㫥  ॣ
 ࠢ,    ⮣  室  ᫥  ᫥⥫쭮
 :

      mov  dx,37Ah        ; ॣ ࠢ
      mov  al,00001101b   ;⠭  0,2  3
      out  dx,al          ;뢥 
      xor  al,1           ;  0
      out  dx,al          ;୮ 뢥 

      -            ணࠬ஢  ॣ
 ﭨ  ३   ᫥ ᨬ.

      ᬮ     ࠢ, ਭ  ।⠢ 
 ᥡ 筮 ᫮ ன⢮, 饥 ᢮ ய,
 


                            - 110 -

   . ய ᯮ  ࠡ⪨ ࠢ
 ᫥⥫쭮⥩  ࠢ  .  ᮤন ᠭ
 㭪 ᨬ  ᨬ     ࠭ ⠡ 
 ணࠬ      몥    ᯮ㥬   ய.   
 ᯮ     ६   ࠭       
 ஥஢  짮⥫ ᨬ.   ਭ஢, 
 䥩  Centronix,       ᫥⥫쭮
 䥩.  ਭ ࠡ뢠   ᯥᨬ  (⠪, 
 , , ਧ⠫쭠  ⨪쭠 ⠡),  ⠪
   筮 ᫮  ⥬     ०
 ࠡ  ࠢ .

      筮  稭   ᨬ ESC (⭠
   1Bh)                 (
   ᫥⥫쭮, 騥   ᪮쪮 
 ଠ樨,    ਬ       㧪   ஥஢
 짮⥫  ⮢). ᨬ      ।
 ਭ  ⠪  ,        ᨬ, ।祭 
 ,  ᠭ    ᯮᮡ.    ᯮᮡ ࠢ
 㤮    ணࠬ    ० ࠡ ன⢠.
 뢠,  ᪮ ਭ஢     筮
 讥  ᫮          ਭ஢  ﭭ
 ᮢ襭,    ᫠  ਢ    -
 ⥬  ,  ⠪  ,  -,      ࠧ ઠ 
   ਭ஢  ࠧ筠,  ,  -,  筮  
 뢠  㬥樨    ਭ.

       2 ᭮ ⠭  ⥬   ⠡
 ᯮ㥬  ᨬ  (⠭  IBM     EPSON),    
 ᭮  ਤন -⮢⥫,  ⠢   ᮡ
 ࠢ        .   ⠭
   ⥬ , ⠪    ᯮ  㭪 ᨬ
 ன  ⠡ ASCII ( 129-255) .  
 ᯮ㥬 :

      - ⠭    ० ;

      -  ୮  ⥪⮢  (draft)  ଠ쭮  ਭ (pica),
 㧪 (condensed)  । ਭ (elita).

      - ⢥   (NLQ, Proportional,  Orator, Script 
 . .);

      -롮  ⠡ ᨬ     (筮  ᪮쪮
 ⠡, ⫨ ᯮ ࠢ , 稥 
 ᯮ ᥢ᪨ ᨬ  ᨢ);

      -  㧪    ਭ  ஥஢ 짮⥫
 ⮢   ࠡ    ਭ (   ⮩ 㯯 ,
  訥 ࠧ  ࠧ묨 ﬨ);

      - ࠢ ਭ஬  ० 筮 䨪;

      -   ⠭  㦥   ࠬ஢  (ࠧ   㯮,
 ࠭, 蠣 ⠡樨, ﭨ   ப)  
 


                            - 111 -

 ࠪ⨪ (, 祭/⪫祭 稪  㬠,
       ஭  . .).

        ࠪ⨪   ० ࠡ   롨  
 ணࠬ, ⠪  ⭮   ᯮ짮    
 楢    DIP-४⥫.  ࠪ⨪,
     ⮫쪮 ⭮  (ਬ, 
 㧪  ⮢   ࠧ ᯮ㥬  ).

 


                            - 112 -

             E11.᫥⥫ 䥩 RS-232F

                     E11.1. 騥 ᢥF

       ⠢  IBM PC   室    ᫥⥫
 䥩ᮢ, ࠡ  ⠭ RS-232 (⢥ 
 -  2)  㥬 1 - 4.  뤥 ᫥騥 
   ⮢ -뢮:

      1:   3F8h-3FFh          COM3:    338h-33Fh
      COM2:   278h-2FFh          COM4:    238h-23Fh

 (䥩 3  4 ন ⮫쪮   PS/2).

       䥩 易   । ஢ ஫
 뢠:

      1 뢠 뢠 IRQ4 (Int 0Ch)
      COM2 뢠 뢠 IRQ3 (Int 0Bh)
      3  4   ⠭ ஢ 뢠.

         ன  RS-232 ।⠢  ᮡ ஫
 8250, ᭠饭 25-  9- 쪮 ࠧꥬ   ⥭
  .   ࠧꥬ   ᯮ짮  祭
 ,  䮯ந⥫     ࣠樨  裡     .
 ⠪ 몠 RS-232  ᫥騥 

 Ŀ
   楯 ⠪⠳ 祭        ࠢ- 
 ᨣ Ĵ                      
         EIACCITT9-. 25-.                            
 Ĵ
  DCD    CF  109   1     8              
                              ⠭                
  RX     BB  104   2     3    ਭ     
  TX     BA  103   3     2    । 륳  
  DTR    CD 108/2  4    20    ⮢      
                              ࠡ                     
  SG     AB  102   5     7    쭠        
  DSR    CC  107   6     6    ⮢     
                              ࠡ                     
  RTS    CA  105   7     4      ।   
  CTS    CB  106   8     5    ⮢     
                                ।                
  RI     CE  125   9    22     맮      
  FG     AA  101       1    ⭠          
 

      ஫ 몠 RS-232    ணࠬ㥬
 ன⢮;         ᫥騥  ࠬ  :
 ⢮ ⮢    ⮯-⮢,   ⭮   ᪮
    (/).

 


                            - 113 -

                     E11.2. ᠭ ⮢F

       ᠭ  -뢮   1, 饣 
   3F8h.    ,      3F8h  3F9h 
 ࠧ 祭  ᨬ    7  3F8h (. . 
 DLAB - Divisor Latch Access Bit).

       ᠭ
 
  3F8h       ।稪 -  뫠  
                  ।
         ⥭    ਥ -   ਭ
                  
            ᫨ DLAB=1,   뫠 訩 
                  ᪮  (.  3F9h)

  3F9h      ᫨ DLAB=1,   뫠 訩 
                  ᪮ .   祭
                  ⥫, ࠢ 115200/V,  V - ᪮
                   . ਬ,  ᪮ 9600 
                  ⥫ ࠢ 115200/9600=12=0Ch, ⮬
                  㦭 뢥 0Ch   3F8h  0   3F9h.
             ࠢ 뢠ﬨ (1 = ࠧ
                  뢠):

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 0 0 0  0         :
  
                    > 0: 뢠  ਥ ᨬ
                  > 1: 뢠  襭 ।
                            ᨬ
                > 2: 뢠    
                              訡  
              > 3: 뢠   ﭨ
                               (   CTS, DSR, RI
                               DCD)

  3FAh   ⥭    䨪樨 뢠. 
                  ந諮 뢠,  ᮤন 稭,
                  맢 :

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 0 0 0  0 0        :
  
                      
                      > 0: 0= ⫮ 뢠
                   > 1-2: 稭 뢠:
                                 11=訡   ;
                                   뢠 ⥭ ॣ
                                   ﭨ  ( 3FDh)
                                 10=ਭ ᨬ; 뢠
                                   ⥭ ਥ ( 3F8h)
                                 01=। ᨬ; 뢠
 


                            - 114 -

                                    ᨬ  ॣ
                                   ।稪 ( 3F8h)
                                 00= ﭨ 
                                   ( CTS, DSR, RI  DCD);
                                   뢠 ⥭ ॣ
                                   ﭨ  ( 3FEh)

  3FBh   ⥭/   ࠢ :
         

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                    :
  
                 
                 > 0-1: ᫮ ⮢ :
                            00=5, 01=6, 10=6, 11=8
             > 2: ᫮ ⮯-⮢:
                           0=1, 1=1.5  5  
                            2  ⨢ 砥
          > 3-4: ⨯ ⭮:
                              X0=,
                              01=⭠,
                              11=⭠
      > 5: ﭭ ⭮
                             0=⬥ ﭭ ⭮
                             1=ﭭ  ⭮,
                                 ⮢ 3-4:
                                3-4=01 -  ⭮
                                             ᥣ 1
                                3-4=11 -  ⭮
                                             ᥣ 0
                                3-4=X0 -   ⭮
    > 6: 1=஢  
                                (뫪 㫥)
  > 7:  DLAB:
                               1= 3F8h  3F9h  㧪
                                 ᪮ ;
                               0= 3F8h  3F9h  筮
                                 ०

  3FCh      ࠢ 

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
  0 0 0           :
  
                   > 0: 1=⠭ 室 DTR
                 > 1: 1=⠭ 室 RTS
               > 2: 1=⠭ OUT1 ( ᯮ)
             > 3: 1=⠭ OUT2 (ࠧ -
                                 RS-232)
           > 4: 1=᪨ ० (뫠
                               室  室 몠).

 


                            - 115 -

  3FDh   ⥭     ﭨ .  1-4 뢠
                   뢠  訡, ᫨  ࠧ襭:

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
  0               :
  
                 > 0:1= ਭ. 뢠
                         ⥭ ਥ
               > 1:1= ।饣 ᨬ
             > 2:1=訡 ⭮
           > 3:1= ⮯-
         > 4:1=㦥  
       > 5:1=ᤢ ॣ ।稪 .
                               । ᫥. ᨬ
     > 6:1=ॣ ।稪 . 
                               ࠡ뢠 .

  3FEh   ⥭     ﭨ .  0-3 뢠
                   뢠e   ﭨ ,
                   ᫨  ࠧ襭:

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                  :
  
                
                > 0:1= ﭨ  CTS
              > 1:1= ﭨ  DSR
            > 2:1= ﭨ  RI
          > 3:1= ﭨ  DCD
        > 4: ﭨ  CTS
      > 5: ﭨ  DSR
    > 6: ﭨ  RI
  > 7: ﭨ  DCD

      ਬ砭:  " ﭨ  ..." 砥, 
   몠 RS-232  ᢮ ﭨ  ࠢ 
 ᫥ ⥭ ⮣ ॣ.

 


                            - 116 -

               E11.3. 冷 樠樨 8250F

        ⮢   ஫  8250     ࠡ  室
 믮 ᫥騥 蠣.

      1.  ⠭    DLAB    3FBh   ᫠ ⥫,
 騩 ᪮ ,   3F8h  3F9h.

      2. 樠஢ ॣ  ࠢ  ( 3FBh);
  ⮬   DLAB.

      3. 樠஢ ॣ ࠢ  ( 3FCh).

      4.  樠஢ ॣ  ࠢ 뢠ﬨ (
 3F9h) ,  ᫨ 뢠 ࠧ襭,  ⠭  ணࠬ
 ࠡ⪨ 뢠  몠 RS-232.

       ⢥ ਬ  ਢ  ணࠬ, ᯥ稢-
   १  COM1  㯫᭮ ०  ᪮ 1200
 .

           title     RS232
 _DATA     segment   para public
 Buf_Size  equ  1024           ; ࠧ 

 Source    db   Buf_Size+2 dup (0) ;  ਥ ᨬ
 Src_ptr   dw   Source         ; 㪠⥫ 樨  
 Count     dw   0              ; ⢮ ᨬ  
 Ser_ip    dw   0              ;   Int 0Ch
 Ser_cs    dw   0
 Save_ds   dw   0              ; 㦥 ६
 Int_sts   db   0
 Overrun   db   0
 _DATA     ends

 _TEXT     segment   para public
           assume    cs:_TEXT, ds:_DATA
           public    Ser_Ini:near, Ser_Rst:near
           public    Get_Chr:near, Out_Chr:near
 ;ͻ
 ;        ணࠬ 樠樨 몠 COM1.              
 ;ͼ
 Ser_Ini   proc near
           push ax        ; ࠭ ॣ
           push dx
           push bx
           push es
           in   al,21h    ; IMR 1- ஫ 뢠
           or   al,10h    ;  뢠 IRQ4  COM1
           out  21h,al
           mov  al,0Ch
           mov  ah,35h
           int  21h       ;   Int 0Ch  es:bx
           mov  Ser_ip,bx ;  ࠭ 
           mov  Ser_cs,es
 


                            - 117 -

           mov  al,0Ch
           mov  dx,offset Ser_int
           push ds
           mov  bx,cs
           mov  ds,bx
           mov  ah,25h
           int  21h       ; ⠭ Int 0Ch = ds:dx
           pop  ds
           pop  es
           pop  bx
           cli            ;  뢠
           in   al,21h    ; IMR 1- ஫ 뢠
           and  al,not 10h
           out  21h,al    ; ࠧ 뢠  COM1
           mov  dx,3FBh   ; ॣ ࠢ 
           in   al,dx
           or   al,80h    ; ⠭  DLAB
           out  dx,al
           mov  dx,3F8h
           mov  al,60h
           out  dx,al     ; 訩   ᪮ 1200 
           inc  dx
           mov  al,0
           out  dx,al     ; 訩  ᪮
           mov  dx,3FBh   ; ॣ ࠢ 
           mov  al,00000011b ; 8 , 2 ⮯-,  ⭮
           out  dx,al
           mov  dx,3F9h   ; ॣ ࠧ襭 뢠
           mov  al,1      ; ࠧ 뢠  ਥ
           out  dx,al
           nop            ;  - 
           nop
           mov  dx,3FCh   ; ॣ ࠢ 
           mov  al,00001011b ; ⠭ DTR, RTS  OUT2
           out  dx,al
           sti            ; ࠧ 뢠
           mov  dx,3F8h   ; ॣ 
           in   al,dx     ;   ਥ
           pop  dx
           pop  ax
           ret
 Ser_Ini   endp
 ;ͻ
 ;       ணࠬ ⪫祭 몠 COM1.                  
 ;ͼ
 Ser_Rst   proc near
           push ax        ; ࠭ ॣ
           push dx
 Wait_Free:
           mov  dx,3FDh   ; ॣ ﭨ 
           in   al,dx
           jmp  short $+2 ; ⪠ প
           test al,60h    ; । 祭?
           jz   Wait_Free ; , ᫨ 
           mov  dx,3F9h   ; ॣ ࠧ襭 뢠
 


                            - 118 -

           mov  al,0      ;  뢠
           out  dx,al
           jmp  short $+2 ;  ...
           jmp  short $+2
           mov  dx,3FCh   ; ॣ ࠢ 
           mov  al,00000011b ; ⨢஢ DTR  RTS
           out  dx,al
           jmp  short $+2
           jmp  short $+2
           push bx
           mov  al,0Ch
           mov  dx,Ser_ip
           push ds
           mov  bx,Ser_cs
           mov  ds,bx
           mov  ah,25h
           int  21h       ; ⠭  Int 0Ch
           pop  ds
           pop  bx
           cli            ;  뢠
           in   al,21h    ;   뢠
           jmp  short $+2
           or   al,10h    ;  IRQ4
           out  21h,al
           sti            ; ࠧ襭 뢠
           pop  dx
           pop  ax
           ret
 Ser_Rst   endp
 ;ͻ
 ;        ணࠬ ࠡ⪨ 뢠  COM1.          
 ;ͼ
 Ser_Int   proc far
           push ax
           push dx
           push ds
           mov  ax,seg _DATA
           mov  ds,ax
           mov  dx,3FAh   ; ॣ 䨪樨 뢠
           in   al,dx
           mov  Int_Sts,al; ࠭  ᮤন
           test al,1      ;  ⫮ 뢠?
           jz   Is_Int    ; 
           pop  Save_ds   ; , । ࠢ
           pop  dx        ; ஬ ࠡ稪 Int 0Ch
           pop  ax
           push Ser_cs
           push Ser_ip
           push Save_ds
           pop  ds
           ret            ;  室
 Is_Int:
           mov  al,64h    ; ᫠ EOI  IRQ4
           out  20h,al    ;  1- ஫ 뢠
           test Int_Sts,4 ; 뢠  ਥ?
 


                            - 119 -

           jnz  Read_Char ; 
 No_Char:
           sti            ; , ࠧ 뢠
           jmp  Int_Ret   ;   ࠡ Int 0Ch
 Read_Char:
           mov  dx,3FDh   ; ॣ ﭨ 
           in   al,dx
           and  al,2
           mov  Overrun,al; ovvrrun<>0, ᫨ 뫠  ᨬ
           mov  dx,3F8h   ; ॣ 
           in   al,dx     ;  ᨬ
           or   al,al     ; ᫨ ਭ ,
           jz   No_Char   ;  㥬 
           push bx
           mov  ah,Overrun
           or   ah,ah     ; ।騩 ᨬ ?
           jz   Save_Char ; 
           mov  ah,al     ; ,
           mov  al,7      ; 塞    (07h)
 Save_Char:
           mov  bx,Src_ptr; ᨬ ᨬ  
           mov  [bx],al
           inc  Src_ptr   ;  塞 稪
           inc  bx
           cmp  bx,offset Src_ptr-2 ; ᫨  
           jb   Ser_Int_1
           mov  Src_ptr,offset Source ;  "横"  砫
 Ser_Int_1:
           cmp  Count,Buf_Size ;  ?
           jae  Ser_Int_2 ; 
           inc  Count     ; ,  ᨬ
 Ser_Int_2:
           or   ah,ah     ; ᫨ 뫠  ᨬ
           jz   Ser_Int_3
           mov  al,ah     ;     ᠬ ᨬ
           xor  ah,ah
           jmp  short Save_Char
 Ser_Int_3:
           pop  bx
           sti            ; ࠧ 뢠
 Int_Ret:
           pop  ds
           pop  dx
           pop  ax
           iret
 Ser_Int   endp
 ;ͻ
 ; ணࠬ 뢮 ᨬ AL  .                     
 ;  訡 頥 CF=1,  CF=0.                    
 ;ͼ
 Out_Chr   proc near
           push ax
           push cx
           push dx
           mov  ah,al
 


                            - 120 -

           sub  cx,cx
 Wait_Line:
           mov  dx,3FDh   ; ॣ ﭨ 
           in   al,dx
           test al,20h    ;  ⮢  ।?
           jnz  Output    ; 
           jmp  short $+2
           jmp  short $+2
           loop Wait_Line ; , 
           pop  dx
           pop  cx
           pop  ax
           stc            ;  ⮢ 
           ret
 Output:
           mov  al,ah
           mov  dx,3F8h   ; ॣ 
           jmp  short $+2
           out  dx,al     ; 뢥 ᨬ
           pop  dx
           pop  cx
           pop  ax
           clc            ; ଠ 
           ret
 Out_Chr   endp
 ;ͻ
 ; ணࠬ  ᨬ    AL.                  
 ; ᫨  , 頥 CF=1,  CF=0.              
 ;ͼ
 Get_Chr   proc near
           cmp  Count,0   ;  ?
           jne  loc_1729  ; 
           stc            ; ,   訡
           ret
 loc_1729:
           push si
           cli            ; ⨬ 뢠
           mov  si,Src_ptr
           sub  si,Count
           cmp  si,offset Source
           jae  loc_1730
           add  si,Buf_Size
 loc_1730:
           mov  al,[si]   ; 롥६ ᨬ
           dec  Count     ;  㬥訬 稪
           sti            ; ࠧ襭 뢠
           pop  si
           clc            ;  ଠ 
           ret
 Get_Chr   endp
 _TEXT     ends
           end

 


                            - 121 -

                      E12. ஢ F

      ஢    -    -஢ ८ࠧ⥫,
    ᯮ짮  祭    
 ன (ਬ,  ⨪  ⥫  ਡ஢). 
 ਭ    ஢ 室  ⨯ "祭/몫祭"
 (ਬ,    )       室
 (⠪,    न  ⨪     ஭
 ମ). ஢   祭   IBM PC    
 201h. ,   ⮣ ,  ᫥騩 ଠ:

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
 B2 B1 A2 A1By Bx Ay Ax :
  
                  > 0-3: न ( 室)
       > 4-7: ਣ (஢ 室)

       ⥭ ਣ஢ ᯮ :

      mov    dx,201h
      out    dx,al     ;樨஢ , AL - 
      in     al,dx     ; ,  4-7 - 0= 
                       ;                        1=饭

        室 뢠  ⥬ ᫥ ६,
 祭e ண ᮮ⢥騩  ⠭  , ᫥
  OUT 201h,XXX. ਬ ⥭ न X ன⢠ :

      mov    dx,201h
      out    dx,al     ;樨஢ , AL- 
      mov    cx,-1     ;稪  横
 Again:
      in     al,dx
      inc    cx        ;㢥 稪
      test   al,1      ; AX 襭?
      jne    Again     ;, 

        X 㪠뢠  न .  ᯮᮡ 
  ⠪⮢  ,  ⮬ ⭥ 뫮  ᯮ짮
  稪 横,  ⥬ ⠩.

 


                            - 122 -

                           E13. CMOSF

                      E13.1.   CMOSF

       ⠢ IBM PC AT 室  ॠ쭮 ६ (RTC)  64
  ࠧ饩  ⨢  (CMOS),  騥 
 ⮭  筨  ⠭.    祭  ᮤন
 CMOS   BIOS,      䨣
 ⥬  ⥪騥   ६.

        㯠    CMOS  ᯮ   70h  71h.
 ⥭  CMOS ந ᫥騬 ࠧ:

      mov     al,XXh
      out     70h,al    ;  CMOS XX
      jmp     $+2       ; প
      in      al,71h    ;   CMOS

         CMOS ந :

      mov     al,XXh
      out     70h,al
      jmp     $+2
      in      al,71h

        CMOS    10h    20h  饭 ஫쭮 㬬,
 ࠭饩     2Eh. ⮬   ᮤন  
 ᮢ   室   ᮯ஢   ⮬     
 ஫쭮 㬬.

       70h ਬ  ⮫쪮     CMOS, 
   ࠧ襭  饭 NMI (᪨㥬 뢠).
 ᫨   7 ࠢ 0,   NMI ࠧ蠥, ᫨ 1  - 頥,
 ਬ:

      mov  al,2Dh    ;2Dh -१ࢭ  CMOS
      out  70h,al    ;ࠧ NMI
      mov  al,0ADh
      out  70h,al    ; NMI

 


                            - 123 -

                     E13.2. ন CMOSF

      ⪠ 奬 ᮤন CMOS ⠪:

        ন
 
 00h-0Dh     ᮢ ॠ쭮 ६ (RTC)
 0Eh         १⮢ 砫쭮 ஢
 0Fh        ﭨ १㧪
 10h         
 11h        
 12h         ⪮ ᪠
 13h        
 14h         㤮
 15h-16h      
 17h-18h     ⥫쭮 
 19h-1Ah     ⪨ ᪮
 1Bh-2Dh    
 2Eh-2Fh    ஫쭠 㬬 CMOS
 30h-31h     ⥫쭮 
 32h        饥 ⮫⨥
 33h         ଠ
 34h-3Fh    
 

      ਢ  ᠭ   CMOS.

    ᠭ                                   ਬ砭
 
   0    饥 ६ RTC, ᥪ㭤            RTC
   1    ६ 㤪, ᥪ㭤              ࠭  筮-
   2    饥 ६,                筮 ଠ
   3    ६ 㤪,                (BCD)
   4    饥 ६, 
   5    ६ 㤪, 
   6    騩  
   7    騩  
   8    騩 
   9    騩 
 
  0Ah    A ﭨ RTC:

  7  6  5  4   3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                       :
  
                 > 0-3:᪮  (ࠢ 0110)
        > 4-6: ⥫ (ࠢ 010)
  > 7: 䫠  (0= )

 


                            - 124 -

  0Bh    B ﭨ RTC:

  7  6  5  4   3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                  :
  
                > 0: ⨯ ६ (ࠢ 0)
              > 1: 12-  24-ᮢ ६
                          (ࠢ 1=24 )
            > 2: ଠ : 0=BCD,
                           1= (ࠢ 0)
          > 3: 1=ࠧ אַ㣮
                             (ࠢ 0)
        > 4: 1=ࠧ 뢠 
                               (ࠢ 0)
      > 5: 1=ࠧ 뢠
                              㤪 (ࠢ 0)
    > 6: 1=ࠧ ਮ᪨
                               뢠 (ࠢ 0)
  > 7: 䫠  (0= )

  0Ch      ﭨ RTC:  ﭨ 뢠,
         ⮫쪮  ⥭.
  0Dh     D ﭨ RTC.  7=1, ᫨ CMOS 砥
         ⠭; 0= ⠭  ⮭ 筨.
 
  0Eh     १⮢ 砫쭮 ஢:

  7  6  5  4   3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
             0 0  :
  
            > 2: 1=ଠ ⥪饣 ६
                             ७
          > 3: 1=⪨   
                            㦠
        > 4: 1=ࠧ  ७
      > 5: 1=㤮  ᮮ⢥
                              䨣樨 CMOS
    > 6: 1=ୠ ஫쭠 㬬 CMOS
  > 7: 1=ࠢ ⮭ 筨
                                ⠭ CMOS
 
  0Fh     ﭨ १㧪.   뢠 ᫥
          , ⮡ ।     맢 
         뢮 80286  饭 ०.  ਭ 祭:

         0 = ⥯  ( Ctrl-Alt-Del)  
             ⠭
         1 = ⠭ ᫥ । ࠧ 
         2 = ⠭ ᫥ ஢ 
         3 = ⠭  訡  
         4 =    砫쭮 稪
         5 =    ஫ 뢠 
             JMP FAR PTR [0:467h]
 


                            - 125 -

         6, 7, 8 = ⠭ ᫥  饭 ०
         9 =   JMP FAR PTR [0:467h]
 
  10h        :

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                        :
  
                  > 0-3: ⨯ ᪮ 
       > 4-7: ⨯ ᪮ :
                                  0 =  ᪮   ⨯
                                      ⥭
                                  1 = 360 , 5 1/4 
                                  2 = 1.2 M, 5 1/4 
                                  3 = 720 , 3 1/2 
 
  12h     ⪨ ᪮ C  D:

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
                        :
  
                  > 0-3: ⨯ ᪮ C
       > 4-7: ⨯ ᪮ D:
                                  0000 = ᪠ 
                                  1111 = .  19h  1Ah
                                  稥=⨯ ᪠
                                         (. ਫ 2)
 
  14h     㤮:

  7  6  5  4  3  2  1  0
 Ŀ
           X X      :
  
                    > 0: 1= 
                  > 1: 1= ᮯ 80287
         > 4-5: ⨯ ᯫ:
                                 00 - EGA  VGA
                                 01 - CGA, 40 ⮫殢
                                 10 - CGA, 80 ⮫殢
                                 11 - ஬
    > 6-7: ⢮  - 1
 
  15h-16h      (0100h=256 K, 0200h=512 K,
            0280h=640 K)
  17h-18h    ⥫쭮 ,  ( 0  3C00h)
 
    19h      ᪠ , ᫨  ⨯  12h ࠢ 0Fh
    1Ah      ᪠ D, ᫨  ⨯  12h ࠢ 0Fh
 
 2Eh-2Fh    ஫쭠 㬬 ᮢ CMOS  10h  20h (筠
            16-⮢ 㬬  ⮢; 2Eh ᮤন 訩
             )
 


                            - 126 -

 
 30h-31h    ⥫쭮 ,  (0-3C00h), ।-
             砫쭮 ஢
 
 32h       筮-  ⮫
 
 33h        ଠ.  7: 1=⠭  128 
            6 ᯮ ணࠬ SETUP
 

 


                            - 127 -

                       E14. 稥 F

       ⮬ ࠧ ਢ  ᠭ ⮢,  ⭮ 
  ன⢠.

            祭
 
 80h              ᯮ  AT  ⠯ 砫쭮
                        ஢   ଠ樨 
                        訡.
 
 90h              ࠢ騩  業ࠫ쭮 ࡨ PS/2
 
 91h       ⥭       ⭠   ࠭ ⮩ PS/2
 
 92h              ࠢ騩  A PS/2
 
 94h              ⠭ ࠬ஢ ⥬  PS/2
 
 96h, 97h         롮    PS/2
 
 0A0h             襭  饭 NMI  PC/XT:
                        out 0A0h,80h - ࠧ蠥 NMI;
                        out 0A0h,0   - 頥 NMI.
 
 0F0h             뢮   뢠 饫
                        ᮯ 80287,  砥 
                        ᪨஢ 訡 ᮯ.

 0F1h             뢮   뢠 ᮯ
                        80287  饭 ०  ॠ.

 0F8h-0FCh             ᯮ ஬ 80286
                          묨  ᮯ஬.
 
 210h             ࠢ騩   ७ XT.
 213h             襭  ७ XT.
 215h              設   ७ XT.
 215h                ७ XT
                        (訩 ).
 216h                ७ XT
                        (訩 ).
 

 


                            - 128 -

                Eਫ 1. - F

      直  ࠧ,       뢠  뢠   
   ᪠  ,  ।  ࠡ稪 ⮣
 뢠 "᪠-"  , . .  浪  
  .   ⮬ ᪠-    ᥬ⮢,
   訩    ,  ᮤঠ饣  ᪠-, ᮮ頥 稭
 뢠: 0 -  , 1 -  饭.

       Ŀ
       -      -      
       Ĵ
       01h  1     Esc      2Bh  43    \ |      
       02h  2     1 !      2Ch  44     Z       
       03h  3     2 @      2Dh  45     X       
       04h  4     3 #      2Eh  46     C       
       05h  5     4 $      2Fh  47     V       
       06h  6     5 %      30h  48     B       
       07h  7     6 ^      31h  49     N       
       08h  8     7 &      32h  50     M       
       09h  9     8 *      33h  51    , <      
       0Ah  10    9 (      34h  52    . >      
       0Bh  11    0 )      35h  53    / ?      
       0Ch  12    - _      36h  54ࠢ Shift 
       0Dh  13    = +      37h  55  PrtSc *    
       0Eh  14  BackSpace  38h  56   Alt       
       0Fh  15    Tab      39h  57  ஡     
       10h  16     Q       3Ah  58 CapsLock    
       11h  17     W       3Bh  59    F1       
       12h  18     E       3Ch  60    F2       
       13h  19     R       3Dh  61    F3       
       14h  20     T       3Eh  62    F4       
       15h  21     Y       3Fh  63    F5       
       16h  22     U       40h  64    F6       
       17h  23     I       41h  65    F7       
       18h  24     O       42h  66    F8       
       19h  25     P       43h  67    F9       
       1Ah  26    [ {      44h  68    F10      
       1Bh  27    ] }      45h  69  NumLock    
       1Ch  28   Enter     46h  70 ScrollLock  
       1Dh  29   Ctrl      47h  71   Home [7]  
       1Eh  30     A       48h  72. [8]
       1Fh  31     S       49h  73   PgUp [9]  
       20h  32     D       4Ah  74     -       
       21h  33     F       4Bh  75   <-  [4]   
       22h  34     G       4Ch  76   [5]       
       23h  35     H       4Dh  77    -> [6]   
       24h  36     J       4Eh  78     +       
       25h  37     K       4Fh  79   End [1]   
       26h  38     L       50h  80.  [2]
       27h  39    ; :      51h  81   PgDn [3]  
       28h  40    ' "      52h  82    Ins [0]  
       29h  41    ` ~      53h  83    Del [.]  
       2Ah  42  Shift 54h  84   SysReq    
       
 


                            - 129 -

               Eਫ 2.  ⪨ ᪮F

        ⮬ ਫ  ਢ ଠ   ⪨ ᪠,
 ন  BIOS IBM  PC AT   浪   ஢, ᢠ-
      CMOS.        ᪠  ਢ  ⢮
 樫஢,  ⢮ ,  । , 
 મ, ⢮ ᥪ஢  樫  ꥬ ᪠  .

 
  -    -  ।.   -   ꥬ
 ⨯  樫஢      મ ᥪ஢ ᪠, 
 
   1      306       4      128       305       17        10,1
   2      615       4      300       615       17        20,4
   3      615       6      300       615       17        30,6
   4      940       8      512       940       17        62,4
   5      940       6      512       940       17        46,8
   6      615       4             615       17        20,4
   7      462       8      256       511       17        30,6
   8      733       5             733       17        30,4
   9      900      15             901       17       112,0
  10      820       3             820       17        20,4
  11      855       5             855       17        35,4
  12      855       7             855       17        49,6
  13      306       8      128       319       17        20,3
  14      733       7             733       17        42,5
  15                ppp - . 13.2
  16      612       4             663       17        20,3
  17      977       5      300       977       17        40,5
  18      977       7             977       17        56,7
  19     1024       7      512      1023       17        59,5
  20      733       5      300       732       17        30,4
  21      733       7      300       732       17        42,5
  22      733       5      300       733       17        30,4
  23      306       4             336       17        10,1
  24      615       4      300       615       26        31,2
  25      615       4             615       17        20,4
  26     1024       4            1023       17        34,0
  27     1024       5            1023       17        42,5
  28     1024       8            1023       17        68,0
  29      512       8      256       512       17        34,0
  30     1024       5      512      1024       26        65,0
  31      989       5             989       17        41,0
  32     1020      15            1024       17       127,0
  33       ?        ?       ?         ?         ?         ?
  34       ?        ?       ?         ?         ?         ?
  35     1024       9     1024      1024       17        76,5
  36     1024       5      512      1024       17        42,5
  37      830      10             830       17        68,8
  38      823      10      256       824       17        68,3
  39      615       4      128       664       17        20,4
  40      615       8      128       664       17        40,8
  41      917      15             918       17       114,1
  42     1023      15            1024       17       127,3
  43      823      10      512       823       17        68,3
 


                            - 130 -

  44      820       6             820       17        40,8
  45     1024       8            1024       17        68,0
  46      925       9             925       17        69,1
  47      699       7      256       700       17        40,6
 

      ਬ砭.
      1.    1  -    ⪨      PC  XT,  ⨯ 2 -
 ⠭ ⪨   PC AT.

      2.  33  - 47   ⠭묨    ন-
    IBM.

 


                            - 131 -

            Eਫ 3. ⮢   ࠡF

       ⮬  ਫ ᠭ ⠭  DIP-४⥫ 
 ⥬           EGA-ᯫ.  筮  
 㯠  稪 㦥   ⠭  䨣樥,  
  㤮  (ਬ,  ⠭  襩 
   ⥫  ᪮)    ॡ 
 ४⥫.

      ਢ    ᠭ  ⭮      IBM;
  㣨      㣨 ⠭. ਬ,
 ४⥫  Compaq Portable    㣮      
 ᠭ. ४⥫ Deskpro ᠭ   .

      ४⥫ IBM PC
      

      ࢮ砫쭠  IBM PC,   64   ⥬
   (  뢥  PC-1),  ࠨ   
 ४⥫,  祭묨 SW1   SW2.

            SW1
  ON 12345678
                
     Ľ
        ˼ ˼   7-8: ⢮ 
              5-6: ⨢ ᯫ
           3-4: pp   ⥬ 
         2:   稥 ᮯpp 8087
        1:   稥 

            SW2 (PC-1)

  ON  12345678
             ܳܳܳܺ
      Ľ
       ͼ   5-8: ᥣ OFF
            1-4:  pp 

          p  IBM  PC  (뢠     PC-2)
 ppp p⥫ ᪮쪮 . 筥 p, SW1
    祭,  SW2  :

        SW 2  (PC-2)
  ON 12345678
              ܳܳܺ
     Ľ
      ͼ   6-8: ᥣ OFF
            1-5:  pp 

      襬 p 祭 p⥫.

 


                            - 132 -

      ⢮ ⥫   ᪠ ():
      

           SW1
  ON 12345678           ON 12345678
     ܳ     ߳ߺ 1        ܳ     ߳ܺ 3 
     Ľ              Ľ
  ON 12345678           ON 12345678
     ܳ     ܳߺ 2        ܳ     ܳܺ 4 
     Ľ              Ľ

      ਬ砭.  1  樨 ON 砥 ⢨ .

      ⨢ ᯫ:
      

            SW1
  ON 12345678
         ߳߳     EGA
     Ľ
  ON 12345678
         ܳ߳   40x25 CGA
     Ľ
  ON 12345678
         ߳ܳ   80x25 CGA
     Ľ
  ON 12345678
         ܳܳ   ஬  (MDA)   MDA,  CGA
     Ľ

      稥 ᮯ 8087:
      

            SW1
  ON 12345678            ON 12345678
      ܳ        8087      ߳        8087
     Ľ               Ľ

         ⥬ :
      

            SW1
  ON 12345678
       ܳܳ     64K  
     Ľ


       ࠧ  (SW2  PC-1):
      

       PC-1   5 - 8 ᥣ    OFF. ᨬ
 ࠧ  - 544.

 


                            - 133 -

        SW2  (PC-1)
  ON 12345678         ON 12345678
     ߳߳߳߳     64K        ߳ܳ߳ܳ     384K
     Ľ            Ľ
  ON 12345678         ON 12345678
     ߳ܳ߳߳     128K       ߳߳ܳܳ     448K
     Ľ            Ľ
  ON 12345678         ON 12345678
     ߳߳ܳ߳     192K       ߳ܳܳܳ     512K
     Ľ            Ľ
  ON 12345678         ON 12345678
     ߳ܳܳ߳     256K       ܳܳܳܳ     544K
     Ľ            Ľ
  ON 12345678
     ߳߳߳ܳ     320K
     Ľ

       ࠧ  (SW2  PC-2):
      

       PC-2   6 - 8 ᥣ    OFF. ᨬ
 ࠧ  -  640. ᫨     樨  
   ⪨ ,   PC-2.

        SW2  (PC-2)
  ON 12345678          ON 12345678
     ߳߳߳߳߳    64K         ߳ܳ߳ܳ߳    384K
     Ľ             Ľ
  ON 12345678          ON 12345678
     ߳ܳ߳߳߳    128K        ߳߳ܳܳ߳    448K
     Ľ             Ľ
  ON 12345678          ON 12345678
     ߳߳ܳ߳߳    192K        ߳ܳܳܳ߳    512K
     Ľ             Ľ
  ON 12345678          ON 12345678
     ߳ܳܳ߳߳    256K        ߳߳߳߳ܳ    576K
     Ľ             Ľ
  ON 12345678          ON 12345678
     ߳߳߳ܳ߳    320K        ߳ܳ߳߳ܳ    640K
     Ľ             Ľ

      ਬ砭:

      1.   ࠧ  ᥣ  뫮 ⤥ ࠧ祭
   짮⥫ IBM  PC. ᫨      筮  ࠧ
   襩  ,      ᯮ짮  ᫥騩 ਥ.
 ⠭   ࠧ , 㧨    맮
 CHKDSK, ⮡ ஢,   室 ⮫쪮 , ᪮쪮
  ⠭. ⥬ 㢥稢 ࠧ    ,  
 ந 訡.

      2. ᫨    ࠧ    640,   BIOS 㤥
 ४᭮  ࠡ,    ௨     㧪, . .
  COMMAND.COM 㧨  訥  .

 


                            - 134 -

      ४⥫ IBM PC XT
      

      IBM PC XT    ४⥫ (SW1):

       SW1 (XT)
 ON 12345678
    ܳ          
    Ľ
       ˼ ˼   7-8: ⢮ 
             5-6: ⨢ ᯫ
          3-4: ࠧ   ⥬ 
        2:   稥 8087
       1:   ᥣ OFF

       2, 5-6  7-8    ,   IBM PC. 
 3-4  ࠧ   ⥬ :

        SW1 (XT)
 ON 12345678
      ܳ߳      128K
    Ľ
 ON 12345678
      ߳ܳ      192K
    Ľ
 ON 12345678
      ܳܳ      256K
    Ľ

      ਬ砭.  BIOS IBM  PC  XT  ᪠    
 砫쭮 ஢ . ⮬     奬
    㦭   ४⥫.

      ४⥫ IBM PC AT
      

      IBM  PC   AT       DIP-४⥫.  䨣
 㤮  ࠭   CMOS        
 ணࠬ SETUP. ᠭ CMOS .  . 13.

        ।   ⥬    ६窠  J18,
 ࠢ ᯮ짮   ⥬ :

   J18
 1 o   ன   256K
 2 oٺ  (512  ⥬ )
 3  o 
   ͼ
   J18
 1  o    ன   256K
 2 o  (256  ⥬ )
 3 oٺ
   ͼ

        ४⥫, 祭  SW1, 室  
 


                            - 135 -

  ⥬    ࢨ ᯫ :

  SW1
  ݺ ON     ON () - CGA
      OFF
  ͼ
  SW1
      ON
  ݺ OFF    OFF (।) - ஬ 
  ͼ

      ਬ砭. 㬥  EGA ᮤন 訡, ४
 ⨢ ᯮ짮 ⮣ ४⥫!

      ४⥫  EGA
      

      DIP-४⥫     EGA 㪠뢠  ⨯ ᯫ,
 祭  ,  稥 㣨 ᯫ ஢.
  "ࢨ"  ᯫ 砥  ᯫ,    㤥
 ࠡ         祭;   ""   ⭮   
 ⥫쭮         ᯫ,       
 祭  .

        :       砩      EGA
 ஬  ᯫ  (MDA),  ᫨     ⠢ 
 ࠧ.   䨧᪨ ࠧ ᯫ!

 ON 4321 ࢨ EGA  梥 ஬ 40x25
    ߳ܳܳߺ  MDA
    Ľ
 ON 4321 ࢨ EGA  梥 ஬ 80x25
    ߳ܳܳܺ  MDA
    Ľ
 ON 4321 ࢨ EGA  ७ 梥 ஬
    ܳ߳߳ߺ ( CGA)
    Ľ  MDA
 ON 4321 ࢨ EGA  ७ 梥 ஬
    ܳ߳߳ܺ ( ० EGA)
    Ľ  MDA
 ON 4321 ࢨ EGA  ஬ ஬
    ܳ߳ܳߺ  CGA  梥 ஬ 4025
    Ľ
 ON 4321 ࢨ EGA  ஬ ஬
    ܳ߳ܳܺ  CGA  梥 ஬ 8025
    Ľ
 ON 4321 ࢨ MDA
    ߳߳߳ߺ  EGA  梥 ஬ 4025
    Ľ
 ON 4321 ࢨ MDA
    ߳߳߳ܺ  EGA  梥 ஬ 8025
    Ľ
 ON 4321 ࢨ MDA
    ߳߳ܳߺ  EGA  ७ 梥 ஬
    Ľ ( CGA)
 


                            - 136 -

 ON 4321 ࢨ MDA
    ߳߳ܳܺ  EGA  ७ 梥 ஬
    Ľ ( ० EGA)
 ON 4321 ࢨ CGA  梥 ஬ 4025
    ߳ܳ߳ߺ  EGA  ஬ ஬
    Ľ
 ON 4321 ࢨ CGA  梥 ஬ 8025
    ߳ܳ߳ܺ  EGA  ஬ ஬
    Ľ

      EGA   ६窨 (P1 - P3):

     P1ͻ
   1 o প ७ 梥⭮ 
   2 oٺ (640x350  64 梥)
   3  o 
     ͼ
     P1ͻ
   1  o 
   2 o প ⠭⭮ 梥⭮ 
   3 oٺ (640x200  16 梥⮢)
     ͼ

     P2 (  ) -   ᢥ⮢ .

     P3ͻ
   1 o   / EGA   3xxH
   2 oٺ (⠭⭠ ⠭)
   3  o 
     ͼ
     P3ͻ
   1  o 
   2 o   / EGA   2xxH
   3 oٺ ( ন BIOS EGA)
     ͼ

 


                            - 137 -

                           E਩F

      p (adapter).
      . pp.

      ᥬp (assembly language).
        ppp     p      業p쭮
 pp.

       (byte).
      쭠 p㥬    pp 8 .

       (bit).
       pp, p騩 祭 0  1.

       (block).
      㯭 , p   뢮  
 p -뢮.

      ᯫ (display).
      p⢮ ⮡p ᨬ쭮  p᪮ p樨.

      p䥩 (interface).
      p⭮  ᮯp殮    p,  ᯥ稢饥 
 p᪮  ᪮ ᮣᮢ.

      p䥩 p (parallel interface).
      p殮      譨  p⢮, p p 
 p樨  p  p    쬨  . 筮
 ᯮ  祭  p.

      p䥩 ᫥⥫ (serial interface);
      p殮       譨   p⢮,  p   p
 p  p  ⭮.  ᯮ    祭
 , p䮯p⥫   設 裡.

       (channel).
      p⢮   ᨬ   p⢠, ᯮ㥬
  p     pp.

      pp (controller).
      ppp  p⢮,  ᯥ稢饥    
 pp p⢮.

      ⥫ ᪮ (disk drive).
      p⢮ 譥    ᪠, 砥
   p pp. ᪨     (᪥) 
 ⪨ (p᪨).

       p⨢,  (random access memory, RAM).
        ,  ᯮ㥬    p    p
 p . p 몫祭  ᮤp  p.

       ﭭ,  (read-only memory, ROM).
       ,  ᯮ㥬   p 塞  p-
 


                            - 138 -

 樨  㯭 ⮫쪮  ⥭.

      p -뢮 (i/o port).
      p  pp⢥ -뢮, ᯥ稢騩   
 易   p⮬ pp 譥 p⢠.

      樨 p  (expansion slots).
        樨    p  ,    p  
 ⠢  pp p -뢮.

      pp뢠 (interrupt).
      譥 ᮡ⨥, 뢠饥 pp뢠 p   p
 p pp p⪨  pp뢠.

      pאַ   ,  (direct memory access, DMA).
      ᮡ  㯠      ,  p  p pp
 pp p⠥   ,  "p" 横  設   業p-
  pp.

      p (registers).
      p    ,  p祭  p⪨
   ᮪ ᪮p.

       (word).
      p㥬    設  ,      
 ᥤ ⮢.

      p pp,  (central processing unit, CPU).
      ᭮   p⢮    ,    ⢫饥    롮p,
 p      ᯮ   ,      ⠪  p
 pp묨 p⢠ p ⥬ 設.

      DIP-p⥫ (DIP-switchs).
      p⥫    ⠪    ,  騥
  䨣p ᮮ⢥饣 p⢠.

 


                            - 139 -

 E
            p祭 p㥬 p 横
                "- 
                 IBM PC"
 F


 1. ppp p Intel.

 3.  ⥬ -뢮 (BIOS).

 1. MS-DOS. p筨 짮⥫.

 2. MS-DOS. ࠢ筨 ணࠬ.

 2. pᥬp.

 6. p⢠ ⫠ pp.
 